Microscopic View of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Acid Fast stain. Unique 1 of 1 slide. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat, killing near to 2 million individuals around this globe, annually. The sole vaccine developed almost a century ago, provides limited protection only during childhood. After decades without the introduction of new antibiotics, several candidates are currently undergoing clinical investigation. Curing TB requires prolonged combination chemotherapy with several drugs. Moreover, monitoring the success of therapy is questionable due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. To substantially improve the situation, a detailed understanding of the crosstalk between the human host and the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is vital. Principally, Mtb’s enormous success is based on three capacities: First, reprogramming of macrophages after primary infection/phagocytosis in order to prevent its own destruction; second, initiating the formation of well-organized granulomas, comprising different immune cells to create a confined environment for the host-pathogen standoff; third, the capability to shut down its own central metabolism, terminate replication and thereby transit into a stage of dormancy rendering itself extremely resistant to host defense and drug treatment. Here we review the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, draw conclusions in a working model of mycobacterial dormancy, and highlight gaps in our understanding to be addressed in future research.
Merging the revelations of Philosophy and Pathology together. A story observed through a microscope. Is all vision color vision? What about in type 2 blindsight where there is limited consciousness of movement and form without color? Does seeing an object require seeing it as spatially located and seeing some of the space it occupies? What about in Bálint’s Syndrome when at any given time a single object and nothing else is seen? How can such pathologies inform our theorizing about mental phenomena such as vision? Pathology-based philosophy of mind and body take negative and positive forms. On the negative side, reflection upon pathological conditions can give us empirical counterexamples. We start by highlighting a core claim involved in a philosophical theory of some mental phenomenon, for instance, a claim about the nature of thought, or consciousness, or perception, or whatever. Come join me on this journey to unravel and merge philosophy with pathology.
Sucess through Dormancy. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
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Sucess through Dormancy. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
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Microscopic View of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Acid Fast stain. Unique 1 of 1 slide. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat, killing near to 2 million individuals around this globe, annually. The sole vaccine developed almost a century ago, provides limited protection only during childhood. After decades without the introduction of new antibiotics, several candidates are currently undergoing clinical investigation. Curing TB requires prolonged combination chemotherapy with several drugs. Moreover, monitoring the success of therapy is questionable due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. To substantially improve the situation, a detailed understanding of the crosstalk between the human host and the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is vital. Principally, Mtb’s enormous success is based on three capacities: First, reprogramming of macrophages after primary infection/phagocytosis in order to prevent its own destruction; second, initiating the formation of well-organized granulomas, comprising different immune cells to create a confined environment for the host-pathogen standoff; third, the capability to shut down its own central metabolism, terminate replication and thereby transit into a stage of dormancy rendering itself extremely resistant to host defense and drug treatment. Here we review the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, draw conclusions in a working model of mycobacterial dormancy, and highlight gaps in our understanding to be addressed in future research.
Merging the revelations of Philosophy and Pathology together. A story observed through a microscope. Is all vision color vision? What about in type 2 blindsight where there is limited consciousness of movement and form without color? Does seeing an object require seeing it as spatially located and seeing some of the space it occupies? What about in Bálint’s Syndrome when at any given time a single object and nothing else is seen? How can such pathologies inform our theorizing about mental phenomena such as vision? Pathology-based philosophy of mind and body take negative and positive forms. On the negative side, reflection upon pathological conditions can give us empirical counterexamples. We start by highlighting a core claim involved in a philosophical theory of some mental phenomenon, for instance, a claim about the nature of thought, or consciousness, or perception, or whatever. Come join me on this journey to unravel and merge philosophy with pathology.