Mugshot Punks #90007 Spector

Mugshot Punks #90007 Phil Spector

MUGSHOT

Photographic portrait of a person taken after being arrested

A mug shot or mugshot (an informal term for police photograph or booking photograph) is a photographic portrait of a person from the waist up, typically taken after a person is arrested.[1][2] The original purpose of the mug shot was to allow law enforcement to have a photographic record of an arrested individual to allow for identification by victims, the public and investigators. However, in the United States, entrepreneurs have recently begun to monetize these public records via the mug shot publishing industry.

Photographing of criminals began in the 1840s only a few years after the invention of photography, but it was not until 1888 that French police officer Alphonse Bertillon standardized the process.

Contents

1 Etymology 2 Description 3 History 4 Use in wanted posters 5 Online mug shot publishing 6 Prejudicial nature 7 Mug book 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Etymology

"Mug" is an English slang term for "face", dating from the 18th century.[3] Mug shot can more loosely mean any small picture of a face used for any reason.[4]

Description

Self-portrait mug shot of Alphonse Bertillon, who developed and standardized this type of photograph, 22 August 1900

A typical mug shot is two-part, with one side-view photo, and one front-view. The background is usually plain to avoid distraction from the head. Mug shots may be compiled into a mug book in order to determine the identity of a criminal. In high-profile cases, mug shots may also be published in the mass media.

History

The earliest photos of prisoners taken for use by law enforcement may have been taken in Belgium in 1843 and 1844.[5] In the United Kingdom, police in London were photographing criminals by 1846.[6] In Liverpool[7] and Birmingham[8] they were doing so by 1848. By 1857, the New York City Police Department had a gallery where daguerreotypes of criminals were displayed.[5]

The Pinkerton National Detective Agency began using these on wanted posters in the United States. By the 1870s the agency had amassed the largest collection of mug shots in the US.[9]

The paired arrangement may have been inspired by the 1865 prison portraits taken by Alexander Gardner of accused conspirators in the Lincoln assassination trial, though Gardner's photographs were full-body portraits with only the heads turned for the profile shots.

After the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1871, the Prefecture of Police of Paris hired a photographer, Eugène Appert, to take portraits of convicted prisoners. In 1888, Alphonse Bertillon invented the modern mug shot featuring full face and profile views, standardizing the lighting and angles. This system was soon adopted throughout Europe, and in the United States and Russia.[10]

The arrested person is sometimes required to hold a placard with name, date of birth, booking ID, weight, and other relevant information on it. With digital photography, the digital photograph is linked to a database record concerning the arrest.[citation needed]

In 2020, the N.Y.P.D changed its rules to no longer require women to remove hijabs for mug shots.[11]

Use in wanted posters

FBI wanted poster with a mug shot of Alcatraz escapee John Anglin

Mug shots have often been incorporated into wanted posters, including those for the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

Online mug shot publishing

Main article: Mug shot publishing industry

In the US in the early 21st century an online industry developed around the publication and removal of mug shots from internet websites.

Prejudicial nature

The US legal system has long held that mug shots can have a negative effect on juries. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held, "The double-shot picture, with front and profile shots alongside each other, is so familiar, from 'wanted' posters in the post office, motion pictures and television, that the inference that the person involved has a criminal record, or has at least been in trouble with the police, is natural, perhaps automatic."[12]

According to the Handbook of Massachusetts Evidence, "Because of the risk of prejudice to the defendant inherent in the admission of photographs of the 'mug shot' variety, judges and prosecutors are required to 'use reasonable means to avoid calling the jury's attention to the source of such photographs used to identify the defendant.'" (p. 617) Elsewhere, it cites a ruling in Commonwealth v. Martin that "admission of a defendant's mug shot is 'laden for characterizing the defendant as a careerist in crime'".

Other states have similar rules.[13]

Mug book

Camera used for taking mug shots at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, California, US

A mug book is a collection of photographs of criminals, typically in mug shots taken at the time of an arrest. A mug book is used by an eyewitness to a crime, with the assistance of law enforcement, in an effort to identify the perpetrator.[14][15] Research has shown that grouped photos result in fewer false-positives than individually displaying each photo.[16]

Mug book also has a meaning in genealogy and history, referring to local biographical histories published in the US in the late 19th century.[17][18][19]

See also

Face book Rogues gallery

References

^ "mugshot". Dictionary.cambridge.org. 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-11-23.

^ Michael H. Graham (2003). Handbook of Illinois Evidence. Aspen Publishers. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-7355-4499-4.

^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-11-23.

^ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2013-11-23.

^ a b Kennedy, Randy (September 15, 2006). "Grifters and Goons, Framed (and Matted)". New York Times. Retrieved February 15, 2014.

^ “A Cracksman,” The Will O’the Wisp, 1 (2) Saturday 11 July 1846, p.3

^ Norfolk, Lawrence (September 17, 2006). "A history of the twentieth century in mugshots". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved February 15, 2014.

^ Papi, Giacomo (2006). Under Arrest: A History of the Twentieth Century in Mugshots. London: Granta Books. pp. 144, 163, 165. ISBN 9781862078925.

^ Julie K. Petersen (2007). Understanding Surveillance Technologies: Spy Devices, Privacy, History, & Applications. Auerbach Publications. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8493-8319-9.

^ Pellicer, Raymond (2010). Mug Shots: An Archive of the Famous, Infamous and Most Wanted. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 9780810996120.

^ "N.Y.P.D. Will No Longer Force Women to Remove Hijabs for Mug Shots - The New York Times"

^ Barnes v. United States, 124 U.S.App.D.C. 318, 365 F.2d 509, 510--11 (1966)

^ "Where admitted, to the extent possible, the mug shots should be taped over or cut to delete all reference to booking information and be undated. The photographs should not be referred to as either "mug shots" or "booking photographs."" Handbook of Illinois Evidence, Michael H. Graham, §401.8 (citations omitted)

^ Thetford, Robert T., Mug Shots, Mug Books, and Photo Spreads, Institute for Criminal Justice Education, Inc (ICJE) Archived 2008-03-29 at the Wayback Machine

^ NIJ training manual on the use of mug books and composites with eyewitnesses

^ Stewart, Heather A.; Hunter A. McAllister (2001). "One-at-a-time versus grouped presentation of mug book pictures: Some surprising results". Journal of Applied Psychology. 86 (6): 1300–1305. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1300. ISSN 0021-9010. PMID 11768071.

^ "Frevert, Rhonda, Tales From The Vault: Mug Books, Common Place Vol. 3 No. 1 (October 2002)". Archived from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2018-06-02.

^ Collected Biography, Ancestry Magazine Vol. 13 No. 4 (July/August 1995)

^ Conzen, Michael P., "Local Migration Systems in Nineteenth-Century Iowa", Geographical Review, Vol. 64 No. 3 (July 1974), p. 341

External links

Bruzz video: the world's oldest mug shots date from 1843

v t e

Photography

Terminology

35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F-number

Film format

Large Medium

Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb (optics) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red-eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System

Genres

Abstract Aerial Aircraft Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine-art Fire Forensic Glamour High-speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pictorialism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Straight photography Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife

Techniques

Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre-jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High-speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long-exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabattier effect Slow motion Stereoscopy Stopping down

Strip

Slit-scan

Sun printing

Tilt–shift

Miniature faking

Time-lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography

Composition

Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Golden triangle (composition)

Equipment

Camera

light-field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view

Darkroom

enlarger safelight

Film

base format holder stock available films discontinued films

Filter

Flash

beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox

Lens

Prime lens Zoom lens Wide-angle lens Telephoto lens

Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector

Tripod

head

Zone plate

History

Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts

Digitalphotography

Digital camera

D-SLR

comparison

MILC camera back

Digiscoping Comparison of digital and film photography Film scanner

Image sensor

CMOS APS CCD Three-CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor

Image sharing Pixel

Colorphotography

Color

Print film

Chromogenic print

Reversal film

Color management

color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model

Photographicprocessing

Bleach bypass C-41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K-14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath

Crime

Criminal law

Elements

Actus reus Mens rea Causation Concurrence

Scope of criminal liability

Accessory Accomplice Complicity Corporate Principal Vicarious

Severity of offense

Felony

Infraction (also called violation) Misdemeanor

Inchoate offenses

Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Solicitation

Crimes against the person

Assassination Assault Battery Child abuse Criminal negligence Defamation False imprisonment Harassment Home invasion Homicide Intimidation Kidnapping Malicious castration

Manslaughter (corporate) Mayhem

Murder

corporate

Negligent homicide Invasion of privacy Robbery Torture

Sexual offences

Adultery Bigamy Cybersex trafficking Fornication Legality of incest Indecent exposure Masturbation Obscenity Prostitution Rape Sex trafficking Sexual assault Sexual slavery Sodomy

Crimes against property

Arson Blackmail Bribery Burglary Embezzlement Extortion False pretenses Forgery Fraud Gambling Intellectual property violation Larceny Payola Pickpocketing Possessing stolen property Robbery Smuggling Tax evasion Theft Vandalism

Crimes against justice

Compounding Malfeasance in office Miscarriage of justice Misprision Obstruction Perjury Perverting the course of justice

Crimes against the public

Apostasy Begging Censorship violation Dueling Miscegenation

Illegal consumption (such as prohibition of drugs, alcohol, and smoking) Suicide Terrorism

Crimes against animals

Cruelty to animals Wildlife smuggling Bestiality

Crimes against the state

Lèse-majesté Treason

Defences to liability

Automatism Consent Defence of property Diminished responsibility Duress Entrapment Ignorantia juris non excusat Infancy Insanity Justification

Mistake (of law) Necessity Provocation Self-defence

Other common-law areas

Contracts Evidence Property Torts Wills, trusts and estates

Portals

Law

v t e

Criminologyand penology

Theory

Anomie Biosocial criminology Broken windows Collective efficacy Crime analysis Criminalization Differential association Deviance Labeling theory Psychopathy Rational choice Social control Social disorganization Social learning Strain Subculture Symbolic interactionism Victimology

Types of crime

Against humanity Against the person Against the state Blue-collar Corporate Juvenile Organized Political Public-order State State-corporate Victimless White-collar War

Methods

Comparative Profiling Critical theory Ethnography Uniform Crime Reports Crime mapping Positivist school Qualitative Quantitative BJS NIBRS

Penology

Denunciation Deterrence Incapacitation Trial

Prison

abolition open reform

Prisoner

Prisoner abuse Prisoners' rights

Rehabilitation Recidivism

Justice in penology

Participatory Restorative Retributive Solitary confinement

Schools

Anarchist criminology Chicago school Classical school Conflict criminology Critical criminology Environmental criminology Feminist school Integrative criminology Italian school Left realism Marxist criminology Neo-classical school Positivist school Postmodernist school Right realism

Subfields

American Anthropological Biosocial criminology Conflict Criminology Critical Culture Cyber Demography Development Environmental Experimental Organizational Political Public Radical criminology

Browse

Index Journals Organizations People

v t e

In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.[1] The term crime does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition,[2] though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes.[3] The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law; in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law.[2] One proposed definition is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society, or the state ("a public wrong"). Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law.[1][4]

The notion that acts such as murder, rape, and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide.[5] What precisely is a criminal offence is defined by criminal law of each country. While many have a catalogue of crimes called the criminal code, in some common law countries no such comprehensive statute exists.

The state (government) has the power to severely restrict one's liberty for committing a crime. In modern societies, there are procedures to which investigations and trials must adhere. If found guilty, an offender may be sentenced to a form of reparation such as a community sentence, or, depending on the nature of their offence, to undergo imprisonment, life imprisonment or, in some jurisdictions, execution.

Usually, to be classified as a crime, the "act of doing something criminal" (actus reus) must – with certain exceptions – be accompanied by the "intention to do something criminal" (mens rea).[4]

While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime. Breaches of private law (torts and breaches of contract) are not automatically punished by the state, but can be enforced through civil procedure. The world of crime and criminals is often called "the underworld."[6]

Contents

1 Overview 2 Etymology

3 Definition

3.1 England and Wales 3.2 Scotland 3.3 Sociology 3.4 Other definitions

4 Criminalization 5 Labelling theory 6 Natural-law theory

7 History

7.1 Ancient Near East 7.2 Rome and its legacy in Europe

8 Classification and categorisation

8.1 Categorisation by type 8.2 Categorisation by penalty 8.3 Common law 8.4 Classification by mode of trial 8.5 Classification by origin 8.6 Other classifications 8.7 U.S. classification

9 Reports, studies and organizations 10 Offence in common law jurisdictions 11 Causes and correlates of crime 12 Crimes in international law 13 Religion and crime 14 Military jurisdictions and states of emergency 15 Employee crime 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References and further reading 19 External links

Overview

When informal relationships prove insufficient to establish and maintain a desired social order, a government or a state may impose more formalized or stricter systems of social control. With institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the state can compel populations to conform to codes and can opt to punish or attempt to reform those who do not conform.

Authorities employ various mechanisms to regulate (encouraging or discouraging) certain behaviors in general. Governing or administering agencies may for example codify rules into laws, police citizens and visitors to ensure that they comply with those laws, and implement other policies and practices that legislators or administrators have prescribed with the aim of discouraging or preventing crime. In addition, authorities provide remedies and sanctions, and collectively these constitute a criminal justice system. Legal sanctions vary widely in their severity; they may include (for example) incarceration of temporary character aimed at reforming the convict. Some jurisdictions have penal codes written to inflict permanent harsh punishments: legal mutilation, capital punishment, or life without parole.

Usually, a natural person perpetrates a crime, but legal persons may also commit crimes. Historically, several premodern societies believed that non-human animals were capable of committing crimes, and prosecuted and punished them accordingly.[7]

The sociologist Richard Quinney has written about the relationship between society and crime. When Quinney states "crime is a social phenomenon" he envisages both how individuals conceive crime and how populations perceive it, based on societal norms.[8]

Etymology

The word crime is derived from the Latin root cernō, meaning "I decide, I give judgment". Originally the Latin word crīmen meant "charge" or "cry of distress."[9] The Ancient Greek word κρίμα, krima, from which the Latin cognate derives, typically referred to an intellectual mistake or an offense against the community, rather than a private or moral wrong.[10]

In 13th century English crime meant "sinfulness", according to the Online Etymology Dictionary. It was probably brought to England as Old French crimne (12th century form of Modern French crime), from Latin crimen (in the genitive case: criminis). In Latin, crimen could have signified any one of the following: "charge, indictment, accusation; crime, fault, offense".

The word may derive from the Latin cernere – "to decide, to sift" (see crisis, mapped on Kairos and Chronos). But Ernest Klein (citing Karl Brugmann) rejects this and suggests *cri-men, which originally would have meant "cry of distress". Thomas G. Tucker suggests a root in "cry" words and refers to English plaint, plaintiff, and so on. The meaning "offense punishable by law" dates from the late 14th century. The Latin word is glossed in Old English by facen, also "deceit, fraud, treachery", [cf. fake]. Crime wave is first attested in 1893 in American English.

Definition

England and Wales

Whether a given act or omission constitutes a crime does not depend on the nature of that act or omission; it depends on the nature of the legal consequences that may follow it.[11] An act or omission is a crime if it is capable of being followed by what are called criminal proceedings.[12][13]

History

The following definition of crime was provided by the Prevention of Crimes Act 1871, and applied[14] for the purposes of section 10 of the Prevention of Crime Act 1908:

The expression "crime" means, in England and Ireland, any felony or the offence of uttering false or counterfeit coin, or of possessing counterfeit gold or silver coin, or the offence of obtaining goods or money by false pretences, or the offence of conspiracy to defraud, or any misdemeanour under the fifty-eighth section of the Larceny Act, 1861.

Scotland

For the purpose of section 243 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, a crime means an offence punishable on indictment, or an offence punishable on summary conviction, and for the commission of which the offender is liable under the statute making the offence punishable to be imprisoned either absolutely or at the discretion of the court as an alternative for some other punishment.[15]

Sociology

A normative definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms – cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave normally. This approach considers the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic conditions may affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the legal, law-enforcement, and penal responses made by society.

These structural realities remain fluid and often contentious. For example: as cultures change and the political environment shifts, societies may criminalise or decriminalise certain behaviours, which directly affects the statistical crime rates, influence the allocation of resources for the enforcement of laws, and (re-)influence the general public opinion.

Similarly, changes in the collection and/or calculation of data on crime may affect the public perceptions of the extent of any given "crime problem". All such adjustments to crime statistics, allied with the experience of people in their everyday lives, shape attitudes on the extent to which the state should use law or social engineering to enforce or encourage any particular social norm. Behaviour can be controlled and influenced by a society in many ways without having to resort to the criminal justice system.

Indeed, in those cases where no clear consensus exists on a given norm, the drafting of criminal law by the group in power to prohibit the behaviour of another group may seem to some observers an improper limitation of the second group's freedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for the law or laws in general – whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law or not.

Other definitions

Legislatures can pass laws (called mala prohibita) that define crimes against social norms. These laws vary from time to time and from place to place: note variations in gambling laws, for example, and the prohibition or encouragement of duelling in history. Other crimes, called mala in se, count as outlawed in almost all societies, (murder, theft and rape, for example).

English criminal law and the related criminal law of Commonwealth countries can define offences that the courts alone have developed over the years, without any actual legislation: common law offences. The courts used the concept of malum in se to develop various common law offences.[16]

Criminalization

Main article: Criminalization

The spiked heads of executed criminals once adorned the gatehouse of the medieval London Bridge.

One can view criminalization as a procedure deployed by society as a preemptive harm-reduction device, using the threat of punishment as a deterrent to anyone proposing to engage in the behavior causing harm. The state becomes involved because governing entities can become convinced that the costs of not criminalizing (through allowing the harms to continue unabated) outweigh the costs of criminalizing it (restricting individual liberty, for example, to minimize harm to others).[citation needed]

States control the process of criminalization because:

Even if victims recognize their own role as victims, they may not have the resources to investigate and seek legal redress for the injuries suffered: the enforcers formally appointed by the state often have better access to expertise and resources. The victims may only want compensation for the injuries suffered, while remaining indifferent to a possible desire for deterrence.[17]

Fear of retaliation may deter victims or witnesses of crimes from taking any action. Even in policed societies, fear may inhibit from reporting incidents or from co-operating in a trial. Victims, on their own, may lack the economies of scale that could allow them to administer a penal system, let alone to collect any fines levied by a court.[18] Garoupa and Klerman (2002) warn that a rent-seeking government has as its primary motivation to maximize revenue and so, if offenders have sufficient wealth, a rent-seeking government will act more aggressively than a social-welfare-maximizing government in enforcing laws against minor crimes (usually with a fixed penalty such as parking and routine traffic violations), but more laxly in enforcing laws against major crimes. As a result of the crime, victims may die or become incapacitated.

Labelling theory

Further information: Labeling theory § The "criminal"

The label of "crime" and the accompanying social stigma normally confine their scope to those activities seen as injurious to the general population or to the state, including some that cause serious loss or damage to individuals. Those who apply the labels of "crime" or "criminal" intend to assert the hegemony of a dominant population, or to reflect a consensus of condemnation for the identified behavior and to justify any punishments prescribed by the state (in the event that standard processing tries and convicts an accused person of a crime).

Natural-law theory

Justifying the state's use of force to coerce compliance with its laws has proven a consistent theoretical problem. One of the earliest justifications involved the theory of natural law. This posits that the nature of the world or of human beings underlies the standards of morality or constructs them. Thomas Aquinas wrote in the 13th century: "the rule and measure of human acts is the reason, which is the first principle of human acts".[19] He regarded people as by nature rational beings, concluding that it becomes morally appropriate that they should behave in a way that conforms to their rational nature. Thus, to be valid, any law must conform to natural law and coercing people to conform to that law is morally acceptable. In the 1760s, William Blackstone described the thesis:[20]

"This law of nature, being co-eval with mankind and dictated by God himself, is of course superior in obligation to any other. It is binding over all the globe, in all countries, and at all times: no human laws are of any validity, if contrary to this; and such of them as are valid derive all their force, and all their authority, mediately or immediately, from this original."

But John Austin (1790–1859), an early positivist, applied utilitarianism in accepting the calculating nature of human beings and the existence of an objective morality. He denied that the legal validity of a norm depends on whether its content conforms to morality. Thus in Austinian terms, a moral code can objectively determine what people ought to do, the law can embody whatever norms the legislature decrees to achieve social utility, but every individual remains free to choose what to do. Similarly, H.L.A. Hart saw the law as an aspect of sovereignty, with lawmakers able to adopt any law as a means to a moral end.[21]

Thus the necessary and sufficient conditions for the truth of a proposition of law simply involved internal logic and consistency, and that the state's agents used state power with responsibility. Ronald Dworkin rejects Hart's theory and proposes that all individuals should expect the equal respect and concern of those who govern them as a fundamental political right. He offers a theory of compliance overlaid by a theory of deference (the citizen's duty to obey the law) and a theory of enforcement, which identifies the legitimate goals of enforcement and punishment. Legislation must conform to a theory of legitimacy, which describes the circumstances under which a particular person or group is entitled to make law, and a theory of legislative justice, which describes the law they are entitled or obliged to make.[22]

There are natural-law theorists who have accepted the idea of enforcing the prevailing morality as a primary function of the law.[23] This view entails the problem that it makes any moral criticism of the law impossible: if conformity with natural law forms a necessary condition for legal validity, all valid law must, by definition, count as morally just. Thus, on this line of reasoning, the legal validity of a norm necessarily entails its moral justice.[24]

One can solve this problem by granting some degree of moral relativism and accepting that norms may evolve over time and, therefore, one can criticize the continued enforcement of old laws in the light of the current norms. People may find such law acceptable, but the use of state power to coerce citizens to comply with that law lacks moral justification. More recent conceptions of the theory characterise crime as the violation of individual rights.

Since society considers so many rights as natural (hence the term right) rather than man-made, what constitutes a crime also counts as natural, in contrast to laws (seen as man-made). Adam Smith illustrates this view, saying that a smuggler would be an excellent citizen, "...had not the laws of his country made that a crime which nature never meant to be so."

Natural-law theory therefore distinguishes between "criminality" (which derives from human nature) and "illegality" (which originates with the interests of those in power). Lawyers sometimes express the two concepts with the phrases malum in se and malum prohibitum respectively. They regard a "crime malum in se" as inherently criminal; whereas a "crime malum prohibitum" (the argument goes) counts as criminal only because the law has decreed it so.

It follows from this view that one can perform an illegal act without committing a crime, while a criminal act could be perfectly legal. Many Enlightenment thinkers (such as Adam Smith and the American Founding Fathers) subscribed to this view to some extent, and it remains influential among so-called classical liberals[citation needed] and libertarians.[citation needed]

History

Some religious communities regard sin as a crime; some may even highlight the crime of sin very early in legendary or mythological accounts of origins – note the tale of Adam and Eve and the theory of original sin. What one group considers a crime may cause or ignite war or conflict. However, the earliest known civilizations had codes of law, containing both civil and penal rules mixed together, though not always in recorded form.

Ancient Near East

The Sumerians produced the earliest surviving written codes.[25] Urukagina (reigned c. 2380 BC – c. 2360 BC, short chronology) had an early code that has not survived; a later king, Ur-Nammu, left the earliest extant written law system, the Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100 – c. 2050 BC), which prescribed a formal system of penalties for specific cases in 57 articles. The Sumerians later issued other codes, including the "code of Lipit-Ishtar". This code, from the 20th century BCE, contains some fifty articles, and scholars have reconstructed it by comparing several sources.

The Sumerian was deeply conscious of his personal rights and resented any encroachment on them, whether by his King, his superior, or his equal. No wonder that the Sumerians were the first to compile laws and law codes. — Kramer[26]

Successive legal codes in Babylon, including the code of Hammurabi (c. 1790 BC), reflected Mesopotamian society's belief that law derived from the will of the gods (see Babylonian law).[27][28] Many states at this time functioned as theocracies, with codes of conduct largely religious in origin or reference. In the Sanskrit texts of Dharmaśāstra (c. 1250 BC), issues such as legal and religious duties, code of conduct, penalties and remedies, etc. have been discussed and forms one of the elaborate and earliest source of legal code.[29][30]

Sir Henry Maine studied the ancient codes available in his day, and failed to find any criminal law in the "modern" sense of the word.[31] While modern systems distinguish between offences against the "state" or "community", and offences against the "individual", the so-called penal law of ancient communities did not deal with "crimes" (Latin: crimina), but with "wrongs" (Latin: delicta). Thus the Hellenic laws treated all forms of theft, assault, rape, and murder as private wrongs, and left action for enforcement up to the victims or their survivors. The earliest systems seem to have lacked formal courts.[32][33]

Rome and its legacy in Europe

The Romans systematized law and applied their system across the Roman Empire. Again, the initial rules of Roman law regarded assaults as a matter of private compensation. The most significant Roman law concept involved dominion.[34] The pater familias owned all the family and its property (including slaves); the pater enforced matters involving interference with any property. The Commentaries of Gaius (written between 130 and 180 AD) on the Twelve Tables treated furtum (in modern parlance: "theft") as a tort.

Similarly, assault and violent robbery involved trespass as to the pater's property (so, for example, the rape of a slave could become the subject of compensation to the pater as having trespassed on his "property"), and breach of such laws created a vinculum juris (an obligation of law) that only the payment of monetary compensation (modern "damages") could discharge. Similarly, the consolidated Teutonic laws of the Germanic tribes,[35] included a complex system of monetary compensations for what courts would now[update] consider the complete[citation needed] range of criminal offences against the person, from murder down.

Even though Rome abandoned its Britannic provinces around 400 AD, the Germanic mercenaries – who had largely become instrumental in enforcing Roman rule in Britannia – acquired ownership of land there and continued to use a mixture of Roman and Teutonic Law, with much written down under the early Anglo-Saxon kings.[36] But only when a more centralized English monarchy emerged following the Norman invasion, and when the kings of England attempted to assert power over the land and its peoples, did the modern concept emerge, namely of a crime not only as an offence against the "individual", but also as a wrong against the "state".[37]

This idea came from common law, and the earliest conception of a criminal act involved events of such major significance that the "state" had to usurp the usual functions of the civil tribunals, and direct a special law or privilegium against the perpetrator. All the earliest English criminal trials involved wholly extraordinary and arbitrary courts without any settled law to apply, whereas the civil (delictual) law operated in a highly developed and consistent manner (except where a king wanted to raise money by selling a new form of writ). The development of the idea that the "state" dispenses justice in a court only emerges in parallel with or after the emergence of the concept of sovereignty.

In continental Europe, Roman law persisted, but with a stronger influence from the Christian Church.[38] Coupled with the more diffuse political structure based on smaller feudal units, various legal traditions emerged, remaining more strongly rooted in Roman jurisprudence, but modified to meet the prevailing political climate.

In Scandinavia the effect of Roman law did not become apparent until the 17th century, and the courts grew out of the things – the assemblies of the people. The people decided the cases (usually with largest freeholders dominating). This system later gradually developed into a system with a royal judge nominating a number of the most esteemed men of the parish as his board, fulfilling the function of "the people" of yore.

From the Hellenic system onwards, the policy rationale for requiring the payment of monetary compensation for wrongs committed has involved the avoidance of feuding between clans and families.[39] If compensation could mollify families' feelings, this would help to keep the peace. On the other hand, the institution of oaths also played down the threat of feudal warfare. Both in archaic Greece and in medieval Scandinavia, an accused person walked free if he could get a sufficient number of male relatives to swear him not guilty. (Compare the United Nations Security Council, in which the veto power of the permanent members ensures that the organization does not become involved in crises where it could not enforce its decisions.)

These means of restraining private feuds did not always work, and sometimes prevented the fulfillment of justice. But in the earliest times the "state" did not always provide an independent policing force. Thus criminal law grew out of what 21st-century lawyers would call torts; and, in real terms, many acts and omissions classified as crimes actually overlap with civil-law concepts.

The development of sociological thought from the 19th century onwards prompted some fresh views on crime and criminality, and fostered the beginnings of criminology as a study of crime in society. Nietzsche noted a link between crime and creativity – in The Birth of Tragedy he asserted:[needs context] "The best and brightest that man can acquire he must obtain by crime". In the 20th century, Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish made a study of criminalization as a coercive method of state control.

Classification and categorisation

Categorisation by type

The following classes of offences are used, or have been used, as legal terms:

Offence against the person[40]

Violent offence[41]

Sexual offence[41]

Offence against property[40]

Researchers and commentators have classified crimes into the following categories, in addition to those above:

Forgery, personation and cheating[42]

Firearms and offensive weapons[43]

Offences against the state/offences against the Crown and Government,[44] or political offences[45]

Harmful or dangerous drugs[46]

Offences against religion and public worship[47]

Offences against public justice,[48] or offences against the administration of public justice[49]

Public order offence[50]

Commerce, financial markets and insolvency[51]

Offences against public morals and public policy[52]

Motor vehicle offences[53]

Conspiracy, incitement and attempt to commit crime[54]

Inchoate offence Juvenile delinquency Victimless crime

Categorisation by penalty

One can categorise crimes depending on the related punishment, with sentencing tariffs prescribed in line with the perceived seriousness of the offence. Thus fines and noncustodial sentences may address the crimes seen as least serious, with lengthy imprisonment or (in some jurisdictions) capital punishment reserved for the most serious.

Common law

Under the common law of England, crimes were classified as either treason, felony or misdemeanour, with treason sometimes being included with the felonies. This system was based on the perceived seriousness of the offence. It is still used in the United States but the distinction between felony and misdemeanour is abolished in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Classification by mode of trial

The following classes of offence are based on mode of trial:

Indictable-only offence Indictable offence

Hybrid offence, a.k.a. either-way offence in England and Wales

Summary offence, a.k.a. infraction in the US

Classification by origin

In common law countries, crimes may be categorised into common law offences and statutory offences. In the US, Australia and Canada (in particular), they are divided into federal crimes and under state crimes.

Other classifications

Arrestable offence

U.S. classification

Felony Sentences in State Courts, study by the United States Department of Justice.

In the United States since 1930, the FBI has tabulated Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) annually from crime data submitted by law enforcement agencies across the United States.[55] Officials compile this data at the city, county, and state levels into the UCR. They classify violations of laws based on common law as Part I (index) crimes in UCR data. These are further categorized as violent or property crimes. Part I violent crimes include murder and criminal homicide (voluntary manslaughter), forcible rape, aggravated assault, and robbery; while Part I property crimes include burglary, arson, larceny/theft, and motor-vehicle theft. All other crimes count come under Part II.

For convenience, such lists usually include infractions although, in the U.S., they may come into the sphere not of the criminal law, but rather of the civil law. Compare tortfeasance.

Booking arrests require detention for a time-frame ranging 1 to 24 hours.

Reports, studies and organizations

There are several national and International organizations offering studies and statistics about global and local crime activity, such as United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the United States of America Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) safety report or national reports generated by the law-enforcement authorities of EU state member reported to the Europol.

Offence in common law jurisdictions

In England and Wales, as well as in Hong Kong, the term offence means the same thing as, and is interchangeable with, the term crime,[12] They are further split into:

Summary offences Indictable offences

Causes and correlates of crime

Main article: Causes and correlates of crime

Many different causes and correlates of crime have been proposed with varying degree of empirical support. They include socioeconomic, psychological, biological, and behavioral factors. Controversial topics include media violence research and effects of gun politics.

Emotional state (both chronic and current) have a tremendous impact on individual thought processes and, as a result, can be linked to criminal activities. The positive psychology concept of Broaden and Build posits that cognitive functioning expands when an individual is in a good-feeling emotional state and contracts as emotional state declines.[56] In positive emotional states an individual is able to consider more possible solutions to problems, but in lower emotional states fewer solutions can be ascertained. The narrowed thought-action repertoires can result in the only paths perceptible to an individual being ones they would never use if they saw an alternative, but if they can't conceive of the alternatives that carry less risk they will choose one that they can see. Criminals who commit even the most horrendous of crimes, such as mass murders, did not see another solution.[57]

Crimes in international law

Main article: International criminal law

Kang Kek Iew before the Cambodian Genocide Tribunal on July 20, 2009

Crimes defined by treaty as crimes against international law include:

Crimes against peace Crimes of apartheid Forced disappearance Genocide Incitement to genocide Piracy Sexual slavery Slavery Waging a war of aggression

War crimes

From the point of view of state-centric law, extraordinary procedures (international courts or national courts operating with universal jurisdiction) may prosecute such crimes. Note the role of the International Criminal Court at The Hague in the Netherlands.[citation needed]

Religion and crime

Main article: Religious law

See also

Law portal

Crime displacement Crime science Federal Crime Law and order (politics)

National Museum of Crime & Punishment in Washington DC Organized crime Category:Age of criminal responsibility

Types of crime

Note: Crimes vary by jurisdiction. Not all types are listed here.

Classes

Infraction Misdemeanor Felony Summary Indictable Hybrid

Law portal

Against the person

Assault Battery

Cybersex trafficking Extortion Harassment Kidnapping Identity theft Manslaughter Mayhem Murder Rape Robbery Sex trafficking Sexual assault

Sexual slavery

Corporate manslaughter

Against property

Arson Blackmail Burglary Deception Embezzlement False pretenses Fraud Larceny Possession of stolen goods Theft Vandalism

Against public order

Drug possession Public order Breach of the peace

Against the state

Tax evasion Espionage Treason High treason

Against justice

Bribery Misprision of felony Obstruction Perjury Malfeasance in office

Inchoate offenses

Accessory Attempt Conspiracy Incitement Encouraging or assisting a crime Solicitation Common purpose

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Sources

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Law portal

Crimes againstinternational law

Crimes against humanity Crime against peace Crime of apartheid

Genocide

Incitement to genocide

Piracy Slave trading War crime

International courts (in order of foundation)

International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) International Military Tribunal for the Far East International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Special Court for Sierra Leone International Criminal Court Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia Special Panels of the Dili District Court Special Tribunal for Lebanon International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

History

List of war crimes List of convicted war criminals Leipzig War Crimes Trials Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals Turkish courts-martial of 1919–1920

Related concepts

Command responsibility Superior orders Joint criminal enterprise International speech crimes Law of war Universal jurisdiction Non-combatant

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Celebrity

Prominent person or group who commands some degree of public fascination and appears in the media

Celebrity is a condition of fame and broad public recognition of an individual or group, or occasionally a character or animal, as a result of the attention given to them by mass media. A person may attain a celebrity status from having great wealth, their participation in sports or the entertainment industry, their position as a political figure, or even from their connection to another celebrity. 'Celebrity' usually implies a favorable public image, as opposed to the neutrals 'famous' or 'notable', or the negatives 'infamous' and 'notorious'.[1][2]

Contents

1 History

2 Becoming a celebrity

2.1 Success 2.2 Difficulty 2.3 Becoming a celebrity in the U.S.

3 Wealth

3.1 Forbes Celebrity 100 3.2 Entrepreneurship and endorsements

4 As a mass media phenomenon 5 Famous for being famous

6 Internet celebrities

6.1 Online fame in Asia 6.2 Social networking services and video hosting

7 Families 8 Restricted access 9 15 minutes of fame 10 Health implications 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links

History

In his 2020 book Dead Famous: an unexpected history of celebrity, British historian Greg Jenner uses the definition:

Celebrity (noun): A unique persona made widely known to the public via media coverage, and whose life is publicly consumed as dramatic entertainment, and whose commercial brand is made profitable for those who exploit their popularity, and perhaps also for themselves[3]

Although his book is subtitled "from Bronze Age to Silver Screen", and despite the fact that "Until very recently, sociologists argued that celebrity was invented just over 100 years ago, in the flickering glimmer of early Hollywood" and the suggestion that some medieval saints might qualify, Jenner asserts that the earliest celebrities lived in the early 1700s, his first example being Henry Sacheverell.[3][4]

Choregos and theater actors, from the House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii, Italy. Naples National Archeological Museum

Athletes in Ancient Greece were welcomed home as heroes, had songs and poems written in their honor, and received free food and gifts from those seeking celebrity endorsement.[5] Ancient Rome similarly lauded actors and notorious gladiators, and Julius Caesar appeared on a coin in his own lifetime (a departure from the usual depiction of battles and divine lineage).[6]

In the early 12th century, Thomas Becket became famous following his murder. He was promoted by the Christian Church as a martyr and images of him and scenes from his life became widespread in just a few years. In a pattern often repeated, what started as an explosion of popularity (often referred to with the suffix 'mania') turned into long-lasting fame: pilgrimages to Canterbury Cathedral where he was killed became instantly fashionable and the fascination with his life and death have inspired plays and films.

The cult of personality (particularly in the west) can be traced back to the Romantics in the 18th century,[7] whose livelihood as artists and poets depended on the currency of their reputation. The establishment of cultural hot-spots became an important factor in the process of generating fame: for example, London and Paris in the 18th and 19th centuries. Newspapers started including gossip columns [8] and certain clubs and events became places to be seen in order to receive publicity.

The movie industry spread around the globe in the first half of the 20th century and now, the familiar concept of the instantly recognizable faces of its superstars. Yet, celebrity was not always tied to actors in films, especially when cinema was starting as a medium. As Paul McDonald states in The Star System: Hollywood's Production of Popular Identities, "in the first decade of the twentieth century, American film production companies withheld the names of film performers, despite requests from audiences, fearing that public recognition would drive performers to demand higher salaries."[9] Public fascination went well beyond the on-screen exploits of movie stars and their private lives became headline news: for example, in Hollywood the marriages of Elizabeth Taylor and in Bollywood the affairs of Raj Kapoor in the 1950s.

The second half of the century saw television and popular music bring new forms of celebrity, such as the rock star and the pop group, epitomised by Elvis Presley and the Beatles, respectively. John Lennon's highly controversial 1966 quote: "We're more popular than Jesus now,"[10] which he later insisted was not a boast, and that he was not in any way comparing himself with Christ,[11] gives an insight into both the adulation and notoriety that fame can bring. Unlike movies, television created celebrities who were not primarily actors; for example, presenters, talk show hosts, and newsreaders. However, most of these are only famous within the regions reached by their particular broadcaster, and only a few such as Oprah Winfrey, Jerry Springer, or David Frost could be said to have broken through into wider stardom.

In the '60s and early '70s, the book publishing industry began to persuade major celebrities to put their names on autobiographies and other titles in a genre called celebrity publishing. In most cases, the book was not written by the celebrity but by a ghost-writer, but the celebrity would then be available for a book tour and appearances on talk shows.[12]

Becoming a celebrity

Shah Rukh Khan is an Indian actor, producer, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, host and much more.

People may become celebrities in a wide range of ways; from their professions, following appearances in the media, or by complete accident. The term "instant celebrity" describes someone who becomes a celebrity in a very short time. Someone who achieves a small amount of transient fame (through, say, hype or mass media) may become labeled a "B-grade celebrity". Often, the generalization extends to someone who falls short of mainstream or persistent fame but who seeks to extend or exploit it.

Success

There are no guarantees of success for an individual to become a celebrity. Though celebrities come from many different working fields, most celebrities are typically associated with the fields of sports and entertainment, or a person may be a public figure who is commonly recognizable in mass media with commercial and critical acclaim.

Though glamour and wealth may certainly play a role for only famous celebrities, most people in the sports and entertainments spheres, be it music, film, television, radio, modelling, comedy, literature etc. live in obscurity and only a small percentage achieve fame and fortune.[13][14][15][16]

Outside of the sports and entertainment sphere, the top inventors, professionals such as doctors, lawyers, and scientists, etc. are unlikely to become celebrities even if they are enormously successful in their field due to society's disinterest in science, invention, medicine, and courtroom law which is not fictional. American microbiologist Maurice Hilleman is credited with saving more lives than any other medical scientist of the 20th century.[17] After Hilleman's death Ralph Nader wrote, "Yet almost no one knew about him, saw him on television, or read about him in newspapers or magazines. His anonymity, in comparison with Madonna, Michael Jackson, Jose Canseco, or an assortment of grade B actors, tells something about our society's and media's concepts of celebrity; much less of the heroic."[18]

Difficulty

David Letterman, comedian and former American late night talk show host

Many athletes who are unable to turn professional take a second job or even sometimes abandon their athletic aspirations in order to make ends meet. A small percentage of entertainers and athletes can make a decent living but a vast majority will spend their careers toiling from hard work, determination, rejection, and frequent unemployment. For minor league to amateur athletes, earnings are usually on the lower end of the pay-scale. Many of them take second jobs on the side or even venture into other occupations within the field of sports such as coaching, general management, refereeing, or recruiting and scouting up-and-coming athletes.[19]

Becoming a celebrity in the U.S.

The Screen Actors Guild, a union representing actors and actresses throughout Hollywood reports that the average television and film actor earns less than US$50,000 annually; the median hourly wage for actors was $18.80 in May 2015.[20][21][22] Actors sometimes alternate between theater, television, and film or even branch into other occupations within the entertainment industry such as becoming a singer, comedian, producer, or a television host in order to be monetarily diversified, as doing one gig pays comparatively very little. For instance, David Letterman is well known for branching into late night television as a talk show host while honing his skills as a stand-up comedian, Barbra Streisand ventured into acting while operating as a singer, and Clint Eastwood achieved even greater fame in Hollywood as a film director and producer than for his acting credentials.

According to American entertainment magnate Master P, entertainers and professional athletes make up less than 1% of all millionaires in the entire world.[23] Less than 1% of all runway models are known to make more than US$1000 for every fashion showcase. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median wage for commercial and print models was only $11.22 per hour in 2006 and was also listed one of the top ten worst jobs in the United States.[24]

Wealth

Forbes Celebrity 100

Forbes Magazine releases an annual Forbes Celebrity 100 list of the highest-paid celebrities in the world. The total earnings for all top celebrity 100 earners totaled $4.5 billion in 2010 alone.

For instance, Forbes ranked media mogul and talk show host, Oprah Winfrey as the top earner "Forbes magazine’s annual ranking of the most powerful celebrities", with earnings of $290 million in the past year. Forbes cites that Lady Gaga reportedly earned over $90 million in 2010.[25] In 2011, golfer Tiger Woods was one of highest-earning celebrity athletes, with an income of $74 million and is consistently ranked one of the highest-paid athletes in the world.[25] In 2013, Madonna was ranked as the fifth most powerful and the highest-earning celebrity of the year with earnings of $125 million. She has consistently been among the most powerful and highest-earning celebrities in the world, occupying the third place in Forbes Celebrity 100 2009 with $110 million of earnings, and getting the tenth place in the 2011 edition of the list with annual earnings equal to $58 million.[26] Beyoncé has also appeared in the top ten in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017, and topped the list in 2014 with earnings of $115 million.[27]

Entrepreneurship and endorsements

Main articles: Celebrity branding and Personal branding

LeBron James has endorsement contracts with Nike, Sprite, Glacéau, Bubblicious, Upper Deck, McDonald's and State Farm[28][29]

Celebrity endorsements have proven very successful around the world where, due to increasing consumerism, an individual is often considered to own a status symbol when they purchase a celebrity-endorsed product.[30][31][32] Although it has become commonplace for celebrities to place their name with endorsements onto products just for quick money, some celebrities have gone beyond merely using their names and have put their entrepreneurial spirit to work by becoming entrepreneurs by attaching themselves in the business aspects of entertainment and building their own business brand beyond their traditional salaried activities. Along with investing their salaried wages into growing business endeavors, several celebrities have become innovative business leaders in their respective industries, gaining the admiration of their peers and contributing to the country's economy.

Numerous celebrities have ventured into becoming business moguls and established themselves as entrepreneurs, idolizing many well known American business leaders such as Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. For instance, basketball legend Michael Jordan became an active entrepreneur involved with many sports-related ventures including investing a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats, Paul Newman started his own salad dressing business after leaving behind a distinguished acting career, and rap musician Birdman started his own record label, clothing line, and an oil business while maintaining a career as a rap artist. Brazilian football legend and World Cup winner Ronaldo became the majority owner of La Liga club Real Valladolid in 2018.[33] Other celebrities such as Tyler Perry, George Lucas, and Steven Spielberg have become successful entrepreneurs through starting their own film production companies and running their own movie studios beyond their traditional activities of screenwriting, directing, animating, producing, and acting.[34]

Various examples of celebrity turned entrepreneurs included in the table below are:

Celebrity

Net worth (2013–14) US$

Sources of wealth

Oprah Winfrey

US$2.9 billion[35]

Main sources are television, radio, and film. Additional business holdings in Harpo Productions and the Oprah Winfrey Network with interests in film, television, magazines, books, motivational speaking, and publishing.[36][37]

Madonna

US$1 billion[38]

Main sources of wealth include royalties and proceeds from music, fashion, music touring, film-making, and record production. She founded her own record label, Maverick Records established in the 1990s. Guinness World Records name her as the Best-selling female recording artist of all time selling over 300 million albums in her career. Total record sales of 500,000,000 (over 300,000,000 albums and 200,000,000 singles) also add to her net worth along with her Sticky and Sweet Tour which is the highest grossing solo tour of all time achieving a gross of $408,000,000. The MDNA Tour which is the second highest-grossing tour by any female artist behind Madonna's own Sticky and Sweet tour attracted more than 2.2 million fans and grossed $305 million in ticket sales and an additional $75 million in merchandise sales, adding a lot to her net worth. In the year 2012, she also earned $10 million in TV and DVD rights, $60 million from her perfume line Truth or Dare and made $11 million from the $2 million investment in Vita Coco.

50 Cent

US$140 million[39]

Main sources include music, film, and television. Various external ventures include sports endorsements with Reebok and his clothing company, the G-Unit Clothing Company video games, record labels: G-Unit Records and G-Note Records. Additional holdings in consumer electronics such as SMS Audio headphones, dietary supplements, condoms and Pure 50 RGX Body Spray as a joint venture with Right Guard, beverages that include his Vitamin water drink venture with Glacéau and Street King energy drink beverages, fragrances and cosmetics, fashion designing and clothing, video games that 50 Cent: Bulletproof, books, radio, music publishing, television and film production (Cheetah Vision), talent management that includes boxing promotion, real estate, and other investments.[40]

Jay-Z

US$1 billion[41]

Main sources mainly stakes in Roc Nation, Carol's Daughter, the Brooklyn Nets, and more significantly, the Barclays Center itself—while adding new partnerships with the likes of Duracell, Budweiser and Bacardi's D’ussé Cognac.bars and nightclubs, books, clothing line Rocawear, real estate development which includes the Barclay's Center, to which sold his 1.5 million stake in September 2013,[42] music touring, music publishing, casinos, advertising, other investments within his conglomerate (Gain Global Investments LLC).

Sean Combs

US$700 million[43]

Main sources mainly in television, film, and music. Other holdings include the record label Bad Boy Records, fashion designing and the Sean John Clothing Line, namely his deal with Diageo's Ciroc, restaurants, vodka, television production, business education, and fragrances. Combs also has a major equity stake in Revolt TV, a newly launched television network.[44]

Martha Stewart

US$970 million[45]

Main sources mainly in radio, television, film, and her conglomerate Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, which includes interests in television production, magazines, cookbooks, and household cooking products. Other products include cookbooks, books and instructional manuals for the home decorator. Remaining sources include internet related ventures, satellite radio show, blogging, publishing, books, and retail merchandising.

Magic Johnson

US$700 million[46][47]

Main sources primarily in television and sports. Other holdings include the promotion and theater chain Magic Johnson Theatres, movie studios, food services, sports teams (minority stake in the LA Lakers), and motivational speaking.[48]

Arnold Schwarzenegger

US$100 million–800 million[49][50][51]

Main sources include films and bodybuilding. Minor holdings in various global businesses, restaurants, real estate, Planet Hollywood, and other investments.

Tabloid magazines and talk TV shows bestow a great deal of attention to celebrities. To stay in the public eye and build wealth in addition to their salaried labor, numerous celebrities have participating and branching into various business ventures and endorsements. Many celebrities have participated in many different endorsement opportunities that include: animation, publishing, fashion designing, cosmetics, consumer electronics, household items and appliances, cigarettes, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages, hair care, hairdressing, jewelry design, fast food, credit cards, video games, writing, and toys.[52]

In addition to various endorsements, some celebrities have been involved with some business and investment-related ventures also include: and toddler related items, sports team ownership, fashion retailing, establishments such as restaurants, cafes, hotels, and casinos, movie theaters, advertising and event planning, management-related ventures such as sports management, financial services, model management, and talent management, record labels, film production, television production, publishing such as book and music publishing, massage therapy, salons, health and fitness, and real estate.[52]

Although some celebrities have achieved additional financial success from various business ventures, the vast majority of celebrities are not successful businesspeople and still rely on salaried labored wages to earn a living. Most businesses and investments are well known to have a 90 to 95 percent failure rate within the first five years of operation. Not all celebrities eventually succeed with their businesses and other related side ventures. Some celebrities either went broke or filed for bankruptcy as a result of dabbling with such side businesses or endorsements. Though some might question such validity since celebrities themselves are already well known, have mass appeal, and are well exposed to the general public. The average entrepreneur who is not well known and reputable to the general public does not the same marketing flexibility and status-quo as most celebrities allow and have. Therefore, compared to the average person who starts a business, celebrities already have all the cards and odds stacked in their favor. This means they can have an unfair advantage to expose their business ventures and endorsements and can easily capture a more significant amount of market share than the average entrepreneur.[53]

As a mass media phenomenon

Kim Kardashian, reality TV star

Celebrities often have fame comparable to royalty. As a result, there is a strong public curiosity about their private affairs. The release of Kim Kardashian's sex tape with rapper Ray J in 2003 brought her to a new level of fame, leading to magazine covers, book deals, and reality TV series.[54][55]

Celebrities may be resented for their accolades, and the public may have a love/hate relationship with celebrities. Due to the high visibility of celebrities' private lives, their successes and shortcomings are often made very public. Celebrities are alternately portrayed as glowing examples of perfection, when they garner awards, or as decadent or immoral if they become associated with a scandal. When seen in a positive light, celebrities are frequently portrayed as possessing skills and abilities beyond average people; for example, celebrity actors are routinely celebrated for acquiring new skills necessary for filming a role within a very brief time, and to a level that amazes the professionals who train them. Similarly, some celebrities with very little formal education can sometimes be portrayed as experts on complicated issues. Some celebrities have been very vocal about their political views. For example, Matt Damon expressed his displeasure with 2008 US vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin, as well as with the 2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis.[56][57]

Famous for being famous

Main article: Famous for being famous

American socialite Paris Hilton was one of the first celebrities to be described as 'famous for being famous', she has since expanded her brand into a multibillion-dollar empire

Famous for being famous, in popular culture terminology, refers to someone who attains celebrity status for no particular identifiable reason, or who achieves fame through association with a celebrity.[58] The term is a pejorative, suggesting that the individual has no particular talents or abilities.[59] Even when their fame arises from a particular talent or action on their part, the term will sometimes still apply if their fame is perceived as disproportionate to what they earned through their own talent or work.[citation needed]

The coinages "famesque" and "celebutante" are of similar pejorative gist.

Internet celebrities

Also known as being internet famous, contemporary fame does not always involve a physical red carpet.

Online fame in Asia

A report by BBC highlighted a longtime trend of Asian internet celebrities such as Chinese celebrity Wang Hong (birth name Ling Ling).[60] According to BBC, there are two kinds of online celebrities in China—those who create original content, such as Papi Jiang, who is regularly censored by Chinese authorities for cussing in her videos, and those such as Wang Hong and Zhang Dayi, who fall under the second category, as they have clothing and cosmetics businesses on Taobao, China's equivalent of Amazon.[60]

Social networking services and video hosting

Most high-profile celebrities participate in social networking services and photo or video hosting platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat.[61] Social networking services allow celebrities to communicate directly with their fans, removing the middle-man known as traditional media. Social media humanizes celebrities in a way that arouses public fascination as evident by the success of magazines such as Us Weekly and People Weekly. Celebrity blogging have also spawned stars such as Perez Hilton who is well known for not only blogging but also outing celebrities.[62]

Social media and the rise of the smartphone have changed how celebrities are treated and how people gain the platform of fame. Not everything is as concealed as it was back in old Hollywood because now everything is put out on the internet by fans or even the celebrity themselves. Websites like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube allow people to become a celebrity overnight. For example, Justin Bieber got his start on YouTube by posting videos of him singing and got discovered. All of his fans got direct contact with his content and were able to interact with him on several social media platforms. Social media has substantially changed what it means to be a celebrity. Instagram and YouTube allow regular people to become rich and famous all from inside their home. It also allows fans to connect with their favorite celebrity without ever meeting them in person. Everything is being shared on social media so it makes it harder for celebrities to live private lives.[63]

Social media sites have also contributed to the fame of some celebrities, such as Tila Tequila who became known through MySpace.[64]

Families

Members of the House of Windsor on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, 15 June 2013.

Another example of a celebrity is a family that has notable ancestors or is known for its wealth. In some cases, a well-known family is associated with a particular field. For example, the Kennedy family is associated with US politics; The House of Windsor with royalty; The Hilton and Rothschild families with business; the Jackson family with popular music; and the Osbourne, Chaplin, Kardashian, Baldwin, and Barrymore families with television and film.

Restricted access

Access to celebrities is strictly controlled by their entourage of staff which includes managers, publicists, agents, personal assistants, and bodyguards. Even journalists find it difficult to access celebrities for interviews. Writer and actor Michael Musto said, "You have to go through many hoops just to talk to a major celebrity. You have to get past three different sets of publicists: the publicist for the event, the publicist for the movie, and then the celebrity's personal publicist. They all have to approve you."[65]

Celebrities often hire one or more bodyguards (or close protection officer) to protect themselves and their families from threats ranging from the mundane (intrusive paparazzi photographers or autograph-seeking fans) to serious (assault, kidnapping, assassination, or stalking). The bodyguard travels with the celebrity during professional activities (movie shoots or concerts) and personal activities such as recreation and errands.

Celebrities also typically have security staff at their home, to protect them from similar threats.[66][67]

15 minutes of fame

See also: 15 minutes of fame and One-hit wonder

Andy Warhol famously coined the phrase "15 minutes of fame" in reference to short-lived publicity. Certain "15 minutes of fame" celebrities can be average people seen with an A-list celebrity, who are sometimes noticed on entertainment news channels such as E! News. These persons are ordinary people becoming celebrities, often based on the ridiculous things they do. "In fact, many reality show contestants fall into this category: the only thing that qualifies them to be on TV is that they're real."[68]

Health implications

John Cleese said being famous offers some advantages such as financial wealth and easier access to things that are more difficult for non-famous people to access, such as the ability to more easily meet other famous or powerful people, but that being famous also often comes with the disadvantage of creating the conditions in which the celebrity finds themselves acting, at least temporarily (although sometimes over extended periods of time), in a superficial, inauthentic fashion.[69]

Common threats such as stalking have spawned celebrity worship syndrome where a person becomes overly involved with the details of a celebrity's personal life.[70] Psychologists have indicated that though many people obsess over glamorous film, television, sport and music stars, the disparity in salaries in society seems to value professional athletes and entertainment industry-based professionals.[71][72] One study found that singers, musicians, actors and athletes die younger on average than writers, composers, academics, politicians and businesspeople, with a greater incidence of cancer and especially lung cancer. However, it was remarked that the reasons for this remained unclear, with theories including innate tendencies towards risk-taking as well as the pressure or opportunities of particular types of fame.[73]

Furthermore, some have said fame might have negative psychological effects, and may lead to increasingly selfish tendencies and psychopathy.[74][vague][better source needed] An academic study on the subject said that fame has an addictive quality to it. When a celebrity's fame recedes over time, the celebrity may find it difficult to adjust psychologically.[75]

Recently, there has been more attention toward the impact celebrities have on health decisions of the population at large.[76] It is believed that the public will follow celebrities' health advice to some extent.[77] This can have positive impacts when the celebrities give solid, evidence-informed health advice, however, it can also have detrimental effects if the health advice is not accurate enough.

CELEBS LIST

Aaron Spelling 6667 Abbe Lane 6385 Adam Levine 6752 Adam Sandler 6262 Adam West 6764 Adela Rogers St. Johns 6424 Adele Jergens 7046 Adolph Zukor 1617 Adolphe Menjou 6826 Adrienne Ames 1612 Agnes Ayres 6504 Agnes Moorehead 1719 Aileen Pringle 6723 Akim Tamiroff 1634 Al Christie 6771 Al Goodman 6300 Al Hibbler 1650 Al Jarreau 7083 Al Jolson 6622 Al Lichtman 6821 Al Lohman & Roger Barkley 1540 Al Michaels 6667 Al Pearce 6328 Al Schmitt 1750 Al St. John 6313 Alabama 7060 Alan Arkin 6914 Alan Curtis 7021 Alan Freed 6381 Alan Hale 6532 Alan Hale Jr. 6653 Alan Jackson 6901 Alan Ladd 1601 Alan Ladd Jr. 7018 Alan Menken 6834 Alan Young 6927 Albert Dekker 6620 Alec Baldwin 6352 Alec Guinness 1559 Alec Templeton 1724 Alejandro Fernandez 6160 Alex Trebek 6501 Alfred Green 6529 Alfred Hitchcock 6506 Alfred Newman 1708 Ali MacGraw 7057 Alice Brady 6201 Alice Calhoun 6815 Alice Cooper 7000 Alice Faye 6930 Alice Lake 1624 Alice Terry 6626 Alice White 1511 Alistair Cooke 1651 Allan Dwan 6263 Allan Jones 6100 Allen Ludden 6743 Allison Janney 6100 Alma Rubens 6409 Alvin and the Chipmunks 6600 Amelita Galli-Curci 6821 America 6752 Amy Adams 6280 Amy Grant 6901 Amy Poehler 6767 Anatole Litvak 6635 Andrae Crouch 6520 Andre Kostelanetz 6542 Andrea Bocelli 7000 Andrea King 1547 Andrew L. Stone 6777 Andy Clyde 6758 Andy Devine 6258 Andy Garcia 7000 Andy Griffith 6418 Andy Madadian 6810 Andy Williams 6667 Angela Bassett 7000 Angela Lansbury 6623 Angie Dickinson 7000 Angélica María 7060 Anita Baker 7021 Anita Louise 6821 Anita Page 6116 Anita Stewart 6724 Anjelica Huston 6270 Ann & Nancy Wilson Ann B Davis 7048 Ann Blyth 6733 Ann Dvorak 6321 Ann Harding 6201 Ann Miller 6914 Ann Rutherford 6333 Ann Sheridan 7024 Ann Sothern 1612 Ann — Margret 6501 Anna Lee 6777 Anna Magnani 6385 Anna May Wong 1708 Anna Q. Nilsson 6150 Anne Bancroft 6368 Anne Baxter 6741 Anne Francis 1611 Anne Hathaway 6927 Anne Jeffreys 1501 Anne Meara 7018 Anne Murray 1750 Anne Shirley 7018 Annette Bening 6927 Annette Funicello 6834 Annette Kellerman 6608 Anthony Anderson 6780 Anthony Hopkins 6801 Anthony Mann 6229 Anthony Perkins 6801 Anthony Quinn 6251 Antonio Aguilar 7060 Antonio Banderas 6801 Antonio Moreno 6651 Archie Mayo 6301 Aretha Franklin 6920 Arlene Dahl 1624 Arlene Francis 6432 Arlene Harris 6250 Army Archerd 6927 Arnold Schwarzenegger 6764 Arsenio Hall 6776 Art Acord 1709 Art Baker 6509 Art Carney 6627 Art Laboe 6800 Art Linkletter 6363 Art Lund 6126 Art Mooney 6150 Arthur Cohn 7000 Arthur Fiedler 1626 Arthur Godfrey 6233 Arthur Kennedy 6681 Arthur Lake 6646 Arthur Rubinstein 1737 Arthur Spiegel 1680 Arthur Treacher 6274 Artie Shaw 1709 Arturo Toscanini 6336 Audie Murphy 1601 Audrey Hepburn 1652 Audrey Meadows 6100 Auguste Lumiere[note 5] 6320 Ava Gardner 1560 B B King 6771 B. P. Schulberg 1500 Backstreet Boys 7072 Barbara Bain 6767 Barbara Britton 1719 Barbara Eden 7003 Barbara Hale 1628 Barbara LaMarr 1621 Barbara Lawrence 1735 Barbara Stanwyck 1751 Barbara Walters 6801 Barbara Whiting 6443 Barbra Streisand 6925 Barry Fitzgerald 6252 Barry Manilow 6233 Barry Nelson 6259 Barry Sullivan 6160 Barry White 6914 Barton MacLane 6719 Basil Rathbone 6549 Bea Benaderet 1611 Beach Boys 1500 Beatrice Lillie 6404 Beau Bridges 7065 BeBe and CeCe Winans 6126 Bebe Daniels 1716 Bee Gees 6845 Bela Lugosi 6340 Belle Bennett 1511 Ben Alexander 6433 Ben Bernie 6280 Ben Johnson 7083 Ben Kingsley 6931 Ben Lyon 1724 Ben Turpin 1651 Beniamino Gigli 6901 Bennett Cerf 6407 Benny Carter 7080 Benny Goodman 6101 Bernadette Peters 6706 Bernardo Bertolucci 6901 Bernie Brillstein 7018 Berry Gordy 7000 Bert Lytell 6417 Bessie Barriscale 6652 Bessie Love 6777 Bette Davis 6225 Bette Midler 6922 Betty Blythe 1708 Betty Compson 1751 Betty Furness 1533 Betty Garrett 6706 Betty Grable 6525 Betty Hutton 6259 Betty White 6747 Beulah Bondi 1718 Beverly Bayne 1752 Beverly Garland 6801 Beverly Sills 1750 Big Bird 7021 Bill Boyd 6101 Bill Burrud 6777 Bill Conti 6541 Bill Cosby 6930 Bill Cunningham Bill Geist 6850 Bill Goodwin 6810 Bill Haley 6350 Bill Handel 6640 Bill Hay 6826 Bill Keene 1541 Bill Leyden 6136 Bill Maher 1634 Bill Stern 6821 Bill Stout 1500 Bill Thompson 7021 Bill Welsh 6362 Bill Williams 6145 Billie Burke 6617 Billie Dove 6351 Billie Holiday 1540 N. Billy Barty 6922 Billy Bob Thornton 6801 Billy Crystal 6925 Billy Daniels 6819 Billy Dee Williams 1521 Billy Eckstine 6638 Billy Gilbert 6263 Billy Graham 6901 Billy Joel 6233 Billy Vera 1770 Billy Wilder 1751 Bing Crosby 1611 Binnie Barnes 1501 Blake Edwards 6908 Blanche Sweet 1751 Blanche Thebom 1651 Blue Barron 1724 Bob Arthur 6808 Bob Barker 6714 Bob Burns 1601 Bob Crosby 6252 Bob Eubanks 6712 Bob Hawk 6413 Bob Hope 6541 Bob Kane 6764 Bob Keeshan Bob Marley 7080 Bob Miller 6757 Bob Newhart 6381 Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band 1750 Bob Thomas 6841 Bobby Darin 1735 Bobby Driscoll 1560 Bobby Flay 6141 Bobby Sherwood 1625 Bobby Vernon 6825 Bobby Vinton 6916 Bonita Granville 6607 Bonnie Raitt 1750 Boris Karloff 1737 Boyz II Men 7060 Brett Ratner 6801 Brian Aherne 1752 Brian Beirne 6777 Brian Donlevy 1551 Brian Grazer 7000 Brian Keith 7021 Britney Spears 6801 Brock Peters 7000 Broderick Crawford 6901 Bronco Billy Anderson 1651 Brooks & Dunn 7021 Bruce Dern 6270 Bruce Humberstone 1752 Bruce Lee 6933 Bruce Willis 6915 Bruno Walter 6902 Bryan Adams 6752 Bryan Cranston 1717 Buck Jones 6834 Buck Owens 6667 Bud Abbott 6333 Bud Collyer 6150 Buddy Clark 6800 Buddy DeSylva 1750 Buddy Ebsen 1765 Buddy Hackett 6834 Buddy Holly 1750 Buddy Rogers 6135 Bugs Bunny 7007 Burgess Meredith 6904 Burt Lancaster 6801 Burt Reynolds 6838 Burt Ward 6764 Burton Holmes 6600 Buster Crabbe 6901 Buster Keaton 6619 Buzz Aldrin C. Aubrey Smith 6327 Cameron Diaz 6712 Cantinflas 6438 Carey Wilson 6301 Carl Laemmle 6301 Carl Reiner 6421 Carl Smith 1517 Carleton Young 6733 Carlos Santana 7080 Carlton E. Morse 6445 Carlyle Blackwell 6340 Carmel Myers 1751 Carmen Cavallaro 6301 Carmen Dragon 6104 Carmen Miranda 6262 Carmen Zapata 6357 Carol Burnett 6439 Carol Channing 6233 Carol Lawrence 6211 Carole Bayer Sager 7021 Carole King 6906 Carole Landis 1765 Carole Lombard 6930 Carrie Underwood 1750 Carroll Baker 1725 Carroll O' Connor 7080 Carter De Haven 1742 Cary Grant 1610 Casey Kasem 6931 Cass Daley 6301 Cate Blanchett 6712 Cathy Downs 6646 Cecil B. De Mille 1725 Cecil Brown 6410 Cedric the Entertainer 6212 Celeste Holm 1500 Celia Cruz 6240 Celine Dion 6801 Cesar Romero 6615 Chad Everett 6922 Chaka Khan 6623 Charles Aznavour 6225 Charles Bickford 1620 Charles Boyer 6300 Charles Bronson 6901 Charles Butterworth 7036 Charles Champlin 6751 Charles Chaplin 6751 Charles Christie 1719 Charles Coburn 6240 Charles Correll Charles Durning 6504 Charles Farrell 7021 Charles Fries 6819 Charles Laughton 7021 Charles M Schulz 7021 Charles McGraw 6927 Charles Ray 6355 Charles Ruggles 6264 Charles Vidor 6676 Charles Walters 6402 Charles Winninger 6333 Charley Chase 6630 Charley Pride 7083 Charlie Murray 1719 Charlie Sheen 7021 Charlie Tuna 1560 Charlize Theron 6801 Charlotte Greenwood 1601 Charlton Heston 1628 Cheryl Hines 6621 Chester Conklin 1560 Chevrolet Suburban Special Hollywood & Highland Chevy Chase 7021 Chicago 6438 Chick Hearn 6755 Chill Wills 6923 Chris Berman 6259 Chris Farley 6366 Chris O'Donnell 6681 Chris Pratt 6834 Chris Rock 7021 Christina Aguilera 6901 Christoph Waltz 6667 Christopher Reeve 7021 Chuck Berry 1777 Chuck Connors 6838 Chuck Jones 7011 Chuck Lorre 7021 Chuck Niles 7080 Chuck Norris 7024 Cicely Tyson 7080 Cindy Williams 7021 Cirque du Soleil 6801 Claire Danes 6541 Claire Trevor 6933 Claire Windsor 7021 Clara Bow 1500 Clara Kimball Young 6513 Clarence Avant 6363 Clarence Brown 1752 Clark Gable 1608 Claude Rains 6400 Claudette Colbert 6812 Clayton Moore Cleavon Little 7080 Clem McCarthy 6563 Cliff Arquette 6720 Cliff Robertson 6801 Cliffie Stone 1501 Clifton Fadiman 6284 Clifton Webb 6850 Clint Black 7080 Clint Walker 1505 Clive Davis 1501 Cloris Leachman 6435 Clyde Cook 6531 Clyde McCoy 6426 Cole Porter 7080 Colin Firth 6714 Colleen Moore 1549 Connie Stevens 6249 Conrad Hall 7060 Conrad Nagel 1719 Constance Bennett 6250 Constance Binney 6301 Constance Collier 6231 Constance Cummings 6201 Constance Moore 6270 Constance Talmadge 6300 Corinne Griffith 1560 Cornel Wilde 1635 Count Basie 6508 Creighton Hale 6915 Criss Angel 7018 Cristina Saralegui 7060 Crosby, Stills & Nash 6666 Crystal Gayle 1515 Cuba Gooding Jr. 6834 Cubby Broccoli 6910 Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson 6250 Cybill Shepherd 7000 Cyd Charisse 1601 Cyndi Lauper 6243 Cypress Hill 6201 Dabney Coleman 6141 Dale Evans 6638 Dale Robertson 6500 Dan Avey 6834 Dan Duryea 6145 Dan Haggerty 7070 Dane Clark 6906 Daniel Radcliffe 6801 Danny DeVito 6906 Danny Kaye 6563 Danny Thomas 6901 Darryl Zanuck 6336 Daryl Hall & John Oates 6752 Dave Brubeck 1716 Dave Garroway 6355 Dave Koz 1750 Dave O' Brien 6251 Dave Willock 6358 David Bowie 7021 David Brian 7021 David Butler 6561 David Carradine 7021 David Copperfield 7021 David Duchovny 6508 David Foster 1750 David Gerber 1637 David Hasselhoff 7018 David Janssen 7011 David Milch 6840 David Nelson 1501 David Niven 6384 David O Selznick 7000 David Powell 1651 David Rose 6514 David Spade 7018 David Torrence 6564 David W. Griffith 6535 David Wolper Dean Jagger 1623 Dean Martin 6519 Dean Stockwell 7000 Deanna Durbin 1724 Dear Abby 7000 Debbie Allen 6908 Debbie Reynolds 6654 Deborah Kerr 1709 Debra Messing 6201 DeForest Kelley 7021 Deidre Hall 6201 Del Moore 6405 Delbert Mann 1716 Della Reese 7060 Delmer Daves 1634 Dennis Day 7048 Dennis Franz 7021 Dennis Hopper 6712 Dennis James 6753 Dennis Muren 6764 Dennis Quaid 7018 Dennis Weaver 6822 Denver Pyle 7083 Desi Arnaz 6301 Destiny's Child 6801 Diahann Carroll 7005 Diana Lynn 1625 Diana Ross 6712 Diane Ladd 6270 Diane Warren 7021 Dick Clark Dick Enberg 6752 Dick Foran 1600 Dick Gregory 1650 Dick Haymes 1724 Dick Haynes 6841 Dick Jones 7042 Dick Lane 6317 Dick Powell 6915 Dick Van Dyke 7021 Dick Van Patten 1541 Dick Whittinghill 6384 Dick Wolf 7040 Dinah Shore 1751 Dionne Warwick 6922 Dizzy Gillespie 7057 Dolly Parton 6712 Dolores Costello 1645 Dolores del Rio 1630 Dolores Hope 7021 Dom DeLuise 1765 Don Alvarado 6504 Don Ameche 6101 Don Cornelius 7080 Don Cornell 6138 Don De Fore 6804 Don Fedderson 1735 Don Francisco 7018 Don Haggerty 6140 Don Johnson 7080 Don Knotts 7083 Don McNeill 6301 Don Mischer 7013 Don Murray 6385 Don Rickles 6834 Don Wilson 1500 Donald Cook 1718 Donald Crisp 1628 Donald Duck 6840 Donald Meek 1752 Donald O' Connor 1680 Donald P Bellisario 7080 Donald Sutherland 7024 Donald Trump 6801 Donald Woods 6260 Donna Reed 1612 Donna Summer 7000 Doris Day 6278 Doris Roberts 7021 Dorothy Arzner 1500 Dorothy Dalton 1560 Dorothy Dandridge 6719 Dorothy Gish 6385 Dorothy Kilgallen 6780 Dorothy Kirsten 6331 Dorothy Lamour 6332 Dorothy Malone 1716 Dorothy McGuire 6933 Dorothy Phillips Dorothy Sebastian 6655 Doug Mc Clure 7065 Doug Morris 6259 Douglas Fairbanks 7022 Douglas Fairbanks Jr. 6318 Dr. Frank C. Baxter 6717 Dr. Phil McGraw 6201 Dr. Seuss 6600 Drew Barrymore 6925 Drew Carey 6664 Drew Pearson 6623 Dudley Moore 7000 Duke Ellington 6535 Duncan Renaldo 1680 Duran Duran 1770 Dustin Farnum 6635 Dwayne Johnson 6801 Dwight Yoakam 7021 Dyan Cannon 6608 E Power Biggs 6522 Earl Godwin 6201 Earl Holliman 6901 Earl Lestz 6807 Earl Scruggs 7021 Earle Williams 1560 Earth Wind & Fire 7080 Eartha Kitt 6656 Earvin Magic Johnson 7018 Ed Gardner 6554 Ed Harris 6712 Ed McMahon 7000 Ed O'Neill 7021 Ed Sullivan 6101 Ed Wynn 1541 Eddie Albert 6441 Eddie Anderson 6513 Eddie Bracken 6751 Eddie Cantor 6648 Eddie Fisher 6241 Eddie Foy 1725 Eddie Heywood 1709 Eddie Murphy 7000 Eddy Arnold 6775 Eddy Howard 6724 Edgar Bergen 6425 Edgar Kennedy 6901 Edith Head 6504 Edith Storey 1523 Edmond O' Brien 1725 Edmund Gwenn 1755 Edmund Lowe 6363 Edna Best 6124 Edna May Oliver 1623 Edward Arnold 6225 Edward Asner 6363 Edward Dmytryk 6241 Edward Everett Horton 6427 Edward G. Robinson 6235 Edward James Olmos 7021 Edward R. Murrow 6263 Edward Sedgwick 6801 Edward Small 1501 Edwin F. Goldman 6410 Efrem Zimbalist Jr 7095 Eileen Heckart 6140 Eleanor Boardman 6928 Eleanor Parker 6340 Eleanor Powell 1541 Eleanor Steber 1708 Elena Verdugo 1709 Elia Kazan 6800 Elissa Landi 1611 Elizabeth Montgomery 6533 Elizabeth Taylor 6336 Ella Fitzgerald 6738 Ella Mae Morse 1724 Ella Raines 7021 Ellen DeGeneres 6270 Ellen Drew 6901 Ellen K 6270 Elliott Dexter 1751 Elmer Bernstein 7083 Elmo Lincoln 7042 Elsie Janis 6770 Elton Britt 6936 Elton John 6915 Elvis Duran 1717 Elvis Presley 6777 Emil Jannings 1630 Emilio Estefan 7021 Emma Thompson 6714 Engelbert Humperdinck 7000 Ennio Morricone 7065 Enrico Caruso 6625 Eric Braeden 7021 Eric Linden 1648 Eric McCormack 6201 Erich von Stroheim 6826 Erik Estrada 7021 Ernani Bernardi 7072 Ernest Borgnine 6324 Ernest Gold 6434 Ernest Schoedsack Ernest Torrence 6801 Ernest Truex 6721 Ernest Tubb 1751 Ernie Kovacs 6307 Ernst Lubitsch 7042 Errol Flynn 6654 Erroll Garner 6363 Estelle Taylor 1620 Esther Ralston 6664 Esther Williams 1560 Ethel Barrymore 7001 Ethel Clayton 6936 Ethel Merman 7044 Etta James 7080 Eugene O'Brien 1620 Eugene Ormandy 6926 Eugene Pallette 6702 Eugenio Derbez 7013 Eva Gabor 6614 Eva Longoria 6906 Eva Marie Saint 6730 Eve Arden 6714 Evelyn Brent 6548 Evelyn Knight 6136 Evelyn Rudie 6800 Evelyn Venable 1500 Everett Mitchell 6254 Everett Sloane 6254 Ezio Pinza 1601 Ezra Stone 1634 F. Gary Gray 6426 Fabian 7065 Fanny Brice 6415 Farley Granger 1551 Farrah Fawcett 7057 Fats Domino 6616 Fay Bainter 7021 Fay Wray 6349 Faye Dunaway 7021 Faye Emerson 6529 Felicity Huffman 7072 Feodor Chaliapin 6770 Ferlin Husky 6675 Fibber McGee & Molly 1500 Fleetwood Mac 6608 Flora Finch 6673 Florence Henderson 7070 Florian ZaBach 6505 Floyd Gibbons 1631 Ford Bond 6706 Ford Sterling 6612 Forest Whitaker 6801 Forrest Tucker 6385 Fran Allison 6757 Frances Dee 7080 Frances Drake 6821 Frances Langford 1500 Franchot Tone 6560 Francis Lederer 6902 Francis X. Bushman 1651 Frank Albertson 6754 Frank Borzage 6300 Frank Capra 6614 Frank Crumit 1601 Frank Fay 6282 Frank Faylen 6201 Frank Lloyd 6667 Frank Lovejoy 6325 Frank Luther 1708 Frank Morgan 1708 Frank Parker 6821 Frank Sinatra 1600 Frankie Carle 1751 Frankie Laine 6385 Frankie Lymon 7083 Franklin Pangborn 1500 Frazier Hunt 1708 Fred Allen 6713 Fred Astaire 6756 Fred Clark 1711 Fred MacMurray 6421 Fred Niblo 7014 Fred Stone 1634 Fred Thomson 6850 Fred Travalena 7018 Fred Waring 6556 Fred Zinnemann 6629 Freddie Bartholomew 6663 Freddie Prinze 6755 Freddy Fender 7060 Freddy Martin 6532 Frederick Stock 1547 Fredric March 1620 Freeman Gosden Fritz Kreisler 6655 Fritz Lang 1600 Friz Freleng 7000 Fulton Lewis 6258 Gabby Hayes 6427 Gail Davis 6385 Gail Russell 6933 Gale Anne Hurd 6621 Gale Gordon 6340 Gale Robbins 6500 Gale Storm 6119 Garry Marshall 6838 Garry Moore 1718 Garth Brooks 1750 Gary Collins 6922 Gary Cooper 6243 Gary Owens 6743 Gary Sinise 6664 Gene Austin 6332 Gene Autry 6644 Gene Barry 6555 Gene Kelly 6153 Gene Lockhart 6307 Gene Nelson 7005 Gene Raymond 7001 Gene Roddenberry 6683 Gene Tierney 6125 Gene Vincent 1749 Genevieve Tobin 6119 George & Ira Gershwin 7083 George A Romero 6604 George Arliss 6652 George Benson 7055 George Brent 1709 George Burns 6672 George Carlin 1555 George Cukor 6378 George E Stone 6932 George Eastman 1709 George Fenneman 1500 George Fisher 7072 George Fitzmaurice 6601 George Gobel 6850 George Hamilton 7021 George Harrison 1750 George Hicks 6314 George Jessel 1777 George Kennedy 6356 George Lopez 6801 George M Cohan 6734 George Marshall 7048 George Meeker 6101 George Montgomery 6301 George Murphy 1601 George O' Brien 6201 George O' Hanlon 6428 George Pal 1720 George Peppard 6675 George Putnam 6374 George Raft 6159 George Reeves 6709 George Sanders 1636 George Schlatter 7000 George Seaton 1752 George Segal 6433 George Shearing 1716 George Sidney 6307 George Stevens 1709 George Takei 6681 Georgia Gibbs 6404 Geraldine Farrar 1620 Geraldine Fitzgerald 6353 Giancarlo Esposito 6351 Gig Young 6821 Gigi Perreau 6212 Gil Cates 7065 Gilbert Roland 6730 Gilda Gray 6620 Gilda Radner 6801 Gillian Anderson 6508 Gina Lollobrigida 6361 Ginger Rogers 6772 Ginny Simms 6408 Gisele MacKenzie 1601 Gladys Knight 7083 Gladys Swarthout 6290 Glen A Larson 6673 Glen Campbell 6925 Glen Gray 1709 Glenda Farrell 6524 Glenn Close 7000 Glenn Ford 6933 Glenn Miller 6915 Gloria DeHaven 6933 Gloria Estefan 7021 Gloria Grahame 6522 Gloria Stuart 6714 Gloria Swanson 6301 Godzilla 6925 Goldie Hawn 6201 Gordon Hollingshead 6200 Gordon Jenkins 6626 Gordon Jones 1623 Gordon MacRae 6325 Gower Champion 6162 Grace Kelly 6329 Grace Moore 6274 Gracie Allen 6672 Gracie Fields 6125 Graham McNamee 6405 Grantland Rice 1632 Greer Garson 1651 Gregory La Cava 6906 Gregory Peck 6100 Gregory Ratoff 6100 Greta Garbo 6901 Groucho Marx 1734 Guillermo del Toro 6918 Gustavo Dudamel 6752 Guy Fieri 6201 Guy Laliberté Guy Lombardo 6677 Guy Madison 6933 Guy Mitchell 7000 Guy Williams 7080 Gwyneth Paltrow 6931 Gypsy Rose Lee 6351 H. B. Warner 6600 H.C. Potter 6633 Haim Saban 6712 Hal David 6752 Hal Fishman 1560 Hal March 1560 Hal Mohr 6433 Hal Roach 1654 Halle Berry 6801 Hank Mann 6300 Hank Williams 6400 Hanley Stafford 1640 Hanna Barbera 6753 Hans Conried 6664 Hans Zimmer 6908 Harold Greene 6906 Harold Lloyd 1503 Harold Peary 1639 Harold Robbins 6743 Harold Russell 6752 Harriet Nelson 6821 Harrison Ford Harrison Ford 6801 Harry Ackerman 6661 Harry Belafonte 6721 Harry Carey 1521 Harry Carey Jr. 6363 Harry Connick Jr. 7080 Harry Friedman 6200 Harry James 6683 Harry Joe Brown 1777 Harry Langdon 6927 Harry Von Zell 6521 Harry Warner 6441 Harvey Fierstein 6243 Haskell Wexler 7070 Hattie McDaniel 1719 Heather Angel 6301 Hedda Hopper 6313 Hedy Lamarr 6247 Heinie Conklin 1776 Helen Ferguson 6153 Helen Gahagan 1708 Helen Hayes 6258 Helen Mack 6310 Helen Mirren 6714 Helen Parrish 6263 Helen Reddy 1750 Helen Traubel 6422 Helen Twelvetrees 6263 Helen Vinson 1560 Helene Costello 1500 Henri Rene 1610 Henry B. Walthall 6201 Henry Fonda 1601 Henry Hathaway 1638 Henry King 6327 Henry Koster 6762 Henry Mancini 6821 Henry Morgan 6325 Henry O' Neill Henry Rowland 6328 Henry Wilcoxon 6256 Henry Winkler 6235 Herb Alpert 6929 Herb Jeffries 6672 Herbert Kalmus 6157 Herbert Marshall 6200 Herbert Rawlinson 6150 Herbie Hancock 7057 Hilary Swank 6925 Hildegarde 6141 Hillary Brooke 6311 Hoagy Carmichael 1720 Hobart Bosworth 6522 Holland Dozier Holland 7070 Holly Hunter 7000 Hoot Gibson 1765 Horace Heidt 1631 Houdini 7001 House Peters 6157 Howard Duff 1623 Howard Hawks 1708 Howard Keel 6253 Howie Mandel 6366 Hugh Herbert 6251 Hugh Jackman 6931 Hugh Laurie 6712 Hugh M Hefner 7000 Hugh O' Brian 6613 Hugo Winterhalter 1600 Humberto Luna 1540 Humphrey Bogart 6322 Ice Cube 6752 Ida Lupino 1724 Idina Menzel 6225 Igor Stravinsky 6340 Ilka Chase 6361 Ilona Massey 1623 Imogene Coca 6256 Ina Claire 6150 Ingrid Bergman 6759 Irene Dunne 6440 Irene Hervey 6336 Irene Rich 6225 Irish Mc Calla 1720 Iron Eyes Cody 6655 Irving Berlin 7095 Irving Cummings 6816 Irving Reis 6912 Irving Thalberg 7006 Irwin Winkler 6801 Isaac Stern 6540 Isabel Jewell 1560 Isabel Sanford 7080 Israel Lopez Cachao 6554 Ivan Reitman 7024 J. Carrol Naish 6145 J. M. Kerrigan 6621 J. Peverell Marley 6819 Jack Albertson 6253 Jack Bailey 1708 Jack Benny 6650 Jack Black 6441 Jack Carson 6361 Jack Conway 1500 Jack Douglas 6740 Jack H. Harris 6764 Jack Haley 6435 Jack Holt 6313½ Jack Jones 6104 Jack Klugman 6555 Jack LaLanne 7000 Jack Lemmon 6357 Jack Lescoulie 6500 Jack Mulhall 1724 Jack Nicholson 6925 Jack Oakie 6752 Jack Paar 6212 Jack Palance 6608 Jack Pearl 1680 Jack Perrin 1777 Jack Pickford 1523 Jack Smith 6145 Jack Valenti 7000 Jack Warner 6541 Jack Webb 7040 Jack White 6366 Jackie Chan 6801 Jackie Coogan 1654 Jackie Cooper 1507 Jackie Gleason 6231 Jackie Wilson 7057 Jaclyn Smith 7000 Jaime Jarrín 6381 James A. FitzPatrick 1611 James Arness 1751 James Bacon 1637 James Brolin 7018 James Brown 1501 James Caan 6648 James Cagney 6504 James Cameron 6712 James Coburn 7055 James Cruze 6922 James Dean 1719 James Doohan 7021 James Dunn 6555 James Franco 6838 James Garner 6927 James Gleason 7038 James Mason 6821 James Melton 6300 James Nederlander 6233 James Stewart 1708 James Wallington 6660 James Whitmore 6611 James Woods 7021 Jamie Farr 1547 Jamie Foxx 6801 Jamie Lee Curtis 6600 Jan & Mickey Rooney 6801 Jan Clayton 6200 Jan Murray 6153 Jan Peerce 1751 Jan Sterling 6638 Jane Darwell 6735 Jane Froman 6321 Jane Greer 1634 Jane Lynch 6640 Jane Morgan 6914 Jane Powell 6818 Jane Russell 6850 Jane Seymour 7000 Jane Withers 6119 Jane Wyatt 6350 Jane Wyman 6607 Jane's Addiction 6436 Janet Gaynor 6284 Janet Jackson 1500 Janet Leigh 1777 Janis Joplin 6752 Janis Paige 6624 Jascha Heifetz 6777 Jason Bateman 6533 Javier Bardem 6834 Jay Leno 6780 Jay Silverheels 6538 Jay Thomas 6161 Jay Ward 7080 Jayne Mansfield 6328 Jean Arthur 6333 Jean Hagen 1560 Jean Harlow 6910 Jean Hersholt 6501 Jean Muir 6280 Jean Negulesco 6212 Jean Parker 6666 Jean Renoir 6212 Jeanette MacDonald 6157 Jeanie MacPherson 6150 Jeanne Cooper 1777 Jeannie Carson 1560 Jeff Bridges 7065 Jeff Chandler 1770 Jeff Dunham 6201 Jeff Goldblum 6656 Jeff Lynne 1750 Jeffrey Hunter 6918 Jeffrey Tambor 6320 Jennifer Aniston 6270 Jennifer Garner 6920 Jennifer Hudson 6262 Jennifer Jones 6429 Jennifer Lopez 6262 Jerome Cowan 6251 Jerry Bruckheimer 6838 Jerry Buss 6801 Jerry Colonna 1645 Jerry Dunphy 6669 Jerry Fairbanks 6384 Jerry Goldsmith 6752 Jerry Herman 7095 Jerry Lee Lewis 6631 Jerry Lewis 6150 Jerry Moss 6933 Jerry Stiller Jerry Weintraub 6931 Jess Marlow 6420 Jesse Lasky 6433 Jessica Dragonette 1709 Jessica Tandy 6284 Jester Hairston 6161 Jetta Goudal 6333 Jill Ireland 6751 Jim Backus 1735 Jim Davis 6290 Jim Gray 6801 Jim Healy 6740 Jim Henson 6631 Jim Hill 6801 Jim Ladd 7018 Jim Lowe 6333 Jim Nabors 6435 Jim Parsons 6533 Jimi Hendrix 6627 Jimmie Dodd 1600 Jimmie Fidler 6128 Jimmy Boyd 7021 Jimmy Dorsey 6505 Jimmy Durante 1600 Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis 6363 Jimmy Kimmel 6840 Jimmy Wakely 1680 Jinx Falkenburg 1500 Jo Stafford 1709 Jo Van Fleet 7010 Joan Bennett 6300 Joan Blondell 6311 Joan Caulfield 1500 Joan Collins 6901 Joan Crawford 1752 Joan Davis 1521 Joan Fontaine 1645 Joan Leslie 1560 Joan Rivers 7000 Joanne Dru 1708 Joanne Woodward 6801 Jodie Foster 6927 Joe E. Brown 1680 Joe Kirkwood Jr. 1632 Joe Mantegna 6654 Joe Pasternak 1541 Joe Penner 1752 Joe Smith 1750 Joe Williams 6508 Joel Grey 6753 Joel McCrea 6901 Joel Silver 6925 John B. Kennedy 1611 John Barrymore 6667 John Belushi 6355 John Beradino 6801 John Boles 6530 John Bowers 1709 John Bunny 1715 John Carradine 6240 John Chambers 7006 John Charles Thomas 6933 John Conte 6119 John Cromwell 6555 John Cusack 6644 John Daly 1765 John Denver 7065 John Derek 6531 John Drew Barrymore 7004 John Ericson 1523 John Farrow 6300 John Fogerty 7000 John Ford 1640 John Forsythe 6549 John Garfield 7065 John Gilbert 1755 John Goodman 6767 John Green 6925 John Hart 6432 John Hodiak 6101 John Howard 6515 John Huston 1765 John Ireland 7021 John Langley 6667 John Lasseter 6834 John Lee Hooker 7083 John Lennon 1750 John Lithgow 6666 John Lupton 1713 John Nesbitt 1717 John Payne 6125 John Philip Sousa 1500 John Raitt 6126 John Reed King 6402 John Ritter 6631 John Singleton 6915 John Stahl 6546 John Stamos 7021 John Sturges 6511 John Tesh 7021 John Travolta 6901 John Wayne 1541 John Wells 6533 Johnnie Ray 6201 Johnny Carson 1751 Johnny Cash 6320 Johnny Depp 7018 Johnny Grant Special 6807 Johnny Hayes 6769 Johnny Mack Brown 6101 Johnny Maddox 6401 Johnny Mathis 1501 Johnny Mercer 1628 Johnny Weissmuller 6541 Joi Lansing 6529 Jon Cryer 6922 Jon Hall 1724 Jon Peters 6925 Jon Provost 7080 Jonathan Winters 6290 Joni James 6814 Jose Feliciano 6541 Jose Ferrer 6541 Jose Iturbi 6834 Josef von Sternberg 6401 Joseph Cotten 6382 Joseph L Mankiewicz 6201 Joseph Schenck 6757 Joseph Schildkraut 6780 Joseph Szigeti 6600 Josephine Hull 6502 Joshua Logan 6235 José José 7036 Journey 6750 Joyce Compton 7000 Juan Gabriel 7060 Judge Joseph Wapner 6922 Judge Judy Sheindlin 7065 Judith Light 6200 Judy Canova 6821 Judy Garland 1715 Judy Holliday 6901 Jules C Stein 6821 Jules White 1559 Julia Faye 6501 Julia Louis– Dreyfus 6250 Julia Sanderson 1620 Julianna Margulies 6621 Julianne Moore 6250 Julie Andrews 6901 Julie London 7000 Julio Iglesias 7000 Julius La Rosa 6290 June Allyson 1537 June Foray 7080 June Haver 1777 June Havoc 6618 June Knight 6247 June Lockhart 6323 Kaley Cuoco 6621 Karl Dane 6140 Karl Malden 6231 Kate Linder 7021 Kate Smith 6157 Kate Winslet 6262 Katey Sagal 7021 Katharine Hepburn 6284 Katherine MacDonald 6759 Kathleen Lockhart 6241 Kathlyn Williams 7038 Kathryn Grayson 1600 Kathy Bates 6927 Katina Paxinou 1651 Katy Jurado 7065 Kay Francis 6766 Kay Kyser 1601 Kay Starr 1716 KC & the Sunshine Band 7080 Keanu Reeves 6801 Keely Smith 7080 Keenan Wynn 1515 Keith Carradine 6233 Kelly Ripa 6834 Kelsey Grammer 7021 Ken Carpenter 6706 Ken Corday 6201 Ken Ehrlich 1750 Ken Maynard 6751 Ken Minyard & Ken Murray 1724 Ken Niles 6711 Kenny "Babyface" Edmonds 6270 Kenny Baker 6329 Kenny G 7021 Kenny Loggins 7021 Kenny Ortega 6243 Kenny Rogers 6666 Kent Taylor 1645 Keri Russell 6356 Kermit the Frog 6801 Kevin Bacon 6356 Kevin Costner 6801 Kevin Hart 7013 Kevin Kline 7000 Kevin Spacey 6801 Keye Luke 7000 Kiefer Sutherland 7024 Kim Basinger 7021 Kim Hunter 1617 Kim Novak 6332 King Baggot 6312 King Vidor 6743 Kirk Douglas 6263 Kirsten Dunst 7076 Kirsten Flagstad 6777 Kirstie Alley 7000 KISS 7080 Kitty Carlisle 6611 Kitty Kallen 7021 Klaus Landsberg 1500 Kool & the Gang 7065 Kristen Bell 6225 Kristin Chenoweth 6243 KTLA Special 7018 Kurt Kreuger 1560 Kurt Russell 6201 Kyra Sedgwick 6356 Laird Cregar 1716 Lalo Schifrin 7000 Lana Turner 6241 Lanny Ross 6777 Laraine Day 6676 Larry Elder 6270 Larry Hagman 1560 Larry King 6616 Larry McCormick 6420 Larry Semon 6933 Lassie 6368 Laura Dern 6270 Laura Hope Crews 6251 Laura La Plante 6378 Lauren Bacall 1724 Lauren Shuler Donner 6712 Laurence Olivier 6319 Laurence Trimble 6340 Lauritz Melchior 1718 Lawrence Tibbett 6325 Lawrence Welk 6613 Leatrice Joy 6517 Lee Daniels 6533 Lee De Forest 1752 Lee Majors 6931 Lee Remick 6104 Lee Strasberg 6757 Lee Tracy 1638 Leeza Gibbons 7021 Lefty Frizzell 6927 Leiber & Stoller 7083 Lena Horne 6282 Leo Carrillo 1635 Leo McCarey 1500 Leon Errol 6801 Leon Shamroy 6925 Leonard Bernstein 6200 Leonard Goldberg 6901 Leonard H. Goldenson 6834 Leonard Nimoy 6651 Leopold Stokowski 1600 Leroy Anderson 1620 Les Baxter 6314 Les Brown 6505 Les Paul & Mary Ford 1541 Leslie Caron 6153 Leslie Howard 6550 Leslie Nielsen 6541 LeVar Burton 7000 Lew Ayres 6385 Lew Wasserman 6925 Lewis J. Selznick 6412 Lewis Milestone 7021 Lewis Stone 6526 Liberace 6527 Licia Albanese 6671 Lila Lee 1716 Lilli Palmer 7013 Lillian Gish 1720 Lillian Roth 6330 Lily Pons 7006 Lin-Manuel Miranda 6243 Lina Basquette 1529 Lina Wertmüller 7065 Linda Darnell 1631 Linda Evans 6834 Linda Hopkins 6233 Lindsay Wagner 6767 Lionel Barrymore 1724 Lionel Hampton 7000 Lionel Richie 7018 Little Jack Little 6618 Little Richard 6840 Livingston & Evans 7083 Liza Minnelli 7000 Lizabeth Scott 1624 LL Cool J 6901 Lloyd Bacon 7011 Lloyd Bridges 7065 Lloyd Hamilton 6141 Lloyd Nolan 1752 Lois Weber 6518 Lois Wilson 6933 Lon Chaney 7046 Loretta Lynn 1515 Loretta Swit 6240 Loretta Young 6100 Lorne Greene 1559 Lorne Michaels 6627 Los Angeles Dodgers Special 6800 Los Angeles Times Special 7018 Los Tigres del Norte 7060 Lotte Lehmann[note 3] 1735 Lou Adler 6901 Lou Costello 6438 Lou Rawls 6931 Louella Parsons 6418 Louis Armstrong 7018 Louis B. Mayer 1637 Louis Gossett Jr. 7000 Louis Hayward 1500 Louis Jourdan 6153 Louis Lumiere 1529 Louis Prima 1617 Louise Dresser 6538 Louise Fazenda 6801 Louise Glaum 6834 Lowell Thomas 6433 Lucho Gatica 7021 Lucille Ball 6436 Lucy Liu 1708 Luis Miguel 7060 Luise Rainer 6300 Lupe Velez 6927 Lurene Tuttle 1760 Luther Vandross 1717 Lynda Carter 6562 Lynn Bari 6116 Mabel Normand 6821 Mabel Taliaferro 6720 Mac Davis 7080 Macdonald Carey 6536 Mace Neufeld 6714 Mack Sennett 6710 Mack Swain 1500 Madeleine Carroll 6707 Madge Bellamy 6517 Madge Evans 1752 Madge Kennedy 1600 Mae Busch 7021 Mae Marsh 1600 Mae Murray 6318 Mae West 1560 Mahalia Jackson 6840 Major Bowes 1513 Mako 7095 Mala Powers 6360 Malcolm McDowell 6714 Mamie Van Doren 7057 Mandy Moore 6562 Mandy Patinkin 6243 Mantovani 1708 Maná 7060 Marco Antonio Solis 6931 Marcus Loew 1617 Marg Helgenberger 6667 Margaret Lindsay 6318 Margaret O' Brien 6606 Margaret Sullavan 1751 Margaret Whiting 6623 Marge Champion 6282 Marguerite Chapman 6284 Marguerite Clark 6300 Marguerite De La Motte 6902 Maria Callas 1680 Mariah Carey 6270 Marian Anderson 6262 Marian Nixon 1724 Marie Doro 1725 Marie Dressler 1731 Marie Prevost 6201 Marie Wilson 6301 Marie Windsor 1549 Mariette Hartley 7000 Marilyn Miller 6301 Marilyn Monroe 6774 Mario Lanza 1751 Marion Davies 6326 Marion Martin 6915 Marion Ross 6420 Mariska Hargitay 6328 Marjorie Lord 6317 Marjorie Rambeau 6336 Marjorie Reynolds 1525 Mark & Brian 6767 Mark & Kim 6834 Mark Burnett 6664 Mark Goodson 6374 Mark Harmon 6253 Mark Robson 1720 Mark Sandrich 1719 Mark Serrurier Mark Stevens 6637 Mark Wahlberg 6259 Marlee Matlin 6667 Marlene Dietrich 6400 Marlin Hurt 6514 Marlo Thomas 6904 Marlon Brando 1765 Marsha Hunt 6658 Marshall Neilan 6241 Martha Raye 6251 Martha Scott 6126 Martin Landau 6801 Martin Scorsese 6801 Martin Sheen 1500 Marty Robbins 6666 Marvin Gaye 1500 Marvin Miller 6101 Mary Anderson 1645 Mary Astor 6701 Mary Boland 6150 Mary Brian 1559 Mary Carlisle 6679 Mary Hart 7000 Mary J. Blige 6201 Mary Livingstone Mary Margaret McBride 7018 Mary Martin 6609 Mary Miles Minter 1724 Mary Pickford 6280 Mary Steenburgen 7021 Mary Tyler Moore 7021 Mary – Kate & Ashley Olsen 6801 Matt Damon 6801 Matt Groening 7021 Matt Moore 6301 Matthew Broderick 6801 Matthew Hyman 6901 Matthew McConaughey 6931 Maureen O' Hara 7004 Maureen O'Sullivan 6541 Maurice Chevalier 1651 Maurice Costello 6515 Maurice Jarre 6505 Maurice Tourneur 6243 Mauritz Stiller 1713 Max Factor 6922 Max Steiner 1559 May McAvoy 1731 Mayor Tom Bradley Meiklejohn 1777 Mel Blanc 6385 Mel Brooks 6712 Mel Ferrer 6268 Mel Tormé 1541 Melachrino 1625 Melissa Etheridge 6901 Melissa Gilbert 6429 Melissa McCarthy 6927 Melvyn Douglas 6423 Mercedes McCambridge 1720 Meredith Willson 6411 Merian C. Cooper Merle Oberon 6274 Merv Griffin 1541 Mervyn Le Roy 1560 Meryl Streep 7018 Michael Ansara 6666 Michael Bolton 7018 Michael Bublé 6270 Michael Collins Hollywood & Vine Michael Curtiz 6640 Michael D. Eisner 6834 Michael Douglas 6259 Michael J Fox 7021 Michael Jackson Michael Jackson 6927 Michael Keaton 6931 Michael Landon 1500 Michael O' Shea 1680 Michael York 6385 Michele Lee 6363 Michele Morgan 1645 Michelle Pfeiffer 6801 Mickey Gilley 6930 Mickey Mouse 6925 Mickey Rooney 1718 Mike Curb 1750 Mike Douglas 7001 Mike Gore 6315 Mike Medavoy 6801 Mike Myers 7046 Mike Wallace 6263 Milburn Stone 6823 Mildred Dunnock 6613 Mildred Harris 6307 Miles Davis 7060 Milt&Bill Larsen 6931 Milton Berle 6771 Milton Cross 1623 Milton Sills 6263 Minnie Mouse 6834 Miriam Hopkins 1709 Mischa Elman 1560 Mister Rogers 6600 Mitch Miller 7013 Mitchell Leisen 6241 Mitzi Gaynor 6288 Mitzi Green 6430 Molly O' Day 1708 Mona Barrie 6140 Monte Blue 6290 Monte Hale 7000 Montgomery Clift 6104 Monty Hall 6801 Monty Woolley 6542 Morey Amsterdam 6850 Morgan Freeman 7021 Morris Stoloff 6702 Morton Downey 1680 Morton Gould 6533 Muhammad Ali 6801 Myrna Loy 6685 Mötley Crüe 6752 Nancy Carroll 1725 Nancy Kelly 7021 Nancy Sinatra 7000 Nancy Wilson 6541 Nanette Fabray 6300 Nat "King" Cole 6659 Natalie Cole 1750 Natalie Wood 7000 Nathan Lane 6801 Nathan Milstein 6379 Nazimova 6933 Neil Armstrong Hollywood & Vine Neil Diamond 1750 Neil Hamilton 6634 Neil Patrick Harris 6243 Neil Sedaka Nelson Eddy 6311 Nelson Riddle 6724 New Edition 7080 New Kids on the Block 7072 Nichelle Nichols 6633 Nicholas Brothers 7083 Nick Nolte 6433 Nicolas Cage 7021 Nicole Kidman 6801 Niecy Nash 6201 Nils Asther 6705 Nina Foch 6322 Nita Naldi 6316 Noah Beery Jr. 7047 Norm Crosby 6560 Norma Shearer 6636 Norma Talmadge 1500 Norman Jewison 7000 Norman Kerry 6724 Norman Lear 6615 Norman Luboff 1620 Norman Taurog 1600 Norman Z. McLeod 1724 Nunnally Johnson 6240 Ogden Nash 6264 Olga Petrova 6562 Olive Borden 6801 Oliver Hardy 1500 Oliver Stone 7013 Olivia de Havilland 6762 Olivia Newton – John 6925 Olympia Dukakis 6298 Ona Munson 6250 Onslow Stevens 6349 Orlando Bloom 6927 Orson Welles 1600 Oscar Levant 6728 Oscar Micheaux 6721 Otto Kruger 1734 Otto Preminger 6624 Owen Moore 6727 Ozzie & Harriet Nelson 6260 Ozzie Nelson 6555 Ozzy Osbourne 6780 Paderewski 6284 Parkyakarkus 1708 Pat Boone 1631 Pat Buttram 6382 Pat Morita 6633 Pat O' Brien 1531 Pat Sajak 6200 Patric Knowles 6542 Patricia Heaton 6533 Patricia Neal 7018 Patrick Stewart 7021 Patrick Swayze 7021 Patsy Cline 6160 Patsy Kelly 6669 Patti LaBelle 7000 Patti Page 6760 Patty Duke 7000 Patty Mc Cormack 6312 Paul Anka 6840 Paul Douglas 1648 Paul Gilbert 6340 Paul Henreid 6366 Paul Lukas 6821 Paul Mazursky 6667 Paul Mc Cartney 1750 Paul Muni 6433 Paul Newman 7060 Paul Robeson 6660 Paul Rudd 6834 Paul Weston 1535 Paul Whiteman 6157 Paul Williams 6931 Paul Winchell 6333 Paula Abdul 7021 Paulette Goddard 1652 Pauline Frederick 7000 Pauline Starke 6125 Pearl Bailey 7080 Pearl White 6838 Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez 1555 Pedro Infante 7083 Pee Wee Hunt 6838 Pee Wee King 1715 Pee — Wee Herman 6562 Peggie Castle 6266 Peggy Ann Garner 6604 Peggy King 6563 Peggy Knudsen 6262 Peggy Lee 6319 Penelope Cruz 6834 Penn & Teller 7003 Penny Marshall 7021 Penny Singleton 6547 Pepe Aguilar 7060 Pepe Barreto 6536 Percy Faith 1501 Perez Prado 1529 Perry Como 1708 Pete Smith 1621 Peter Donald 6661 Peter Falk 6654 Peter Fonda 7018 Peter Frampton 6819 Peter Graves 6667 Peter Jackson 6801 Peter Lawford 6922 Peter Lorre 6619 Pharrell Williams 6270 Phil Baker 6247 Phil Collins 6834 Phil Harris 6651 Phil Hartman 6600 Phil Silvers 6370 Phil Spitalny 6364 Philip Ahn 6211 Philip Dunne 6725 Phillips Holmes 6908 Phillips Lord 6912 Phyllis Diller 7001 Phyllis Thaxter 6531 Pierce Brosnan 7083 Pierre Cossette 6233 Pierre Monteux 1725 Pink 6801 Pinky Lee 6201 Pitbull 6201 Placido Domingo 7000 Pola Negri 6140 Polly Moran 6300 Portland Hoffa 1640 Preston Foster 6801 Preston Sturges 1601 Queen 6356 Queen Latifah 6915 Quentin Reynolds 6225 Quentin Tarantino 6927 Quincy Jones 1500 Quinn Martin 6667 Rafael Mendez 6767 Ralph Bellamy 6542 Ralph Edwards 6116 Ralph Lawler 1708 Ralph Morgan 1617 Ralph Staub 1752 Ramon Novarro 6350 Randolph Scott 6243 Randy Newman 6667 Randy Quaid 7000 Randy Travis 7021 Raoul Walsh 6135 Raquel Welch 7021 Rascal Flatts 6664 Ray Anthony 1751 Ray Bolger 6788 Ray Bradbury 6644 Ray Briem 6125 Ray Charles 6777 Ray Dolby 6801 Ray Harryhausen 6840 Ray Milland 1621 Ray Parker Jr 7065 Ray Rennahan 6916 Ray Walston 7070 Raymond Burr 6656 Raymond Griffith 6124 Raymond Hatton 1708 Raymond Knight 6130 Raymond Massey 1719 Reba McEntire 7018 Red Buttons 1651 Red Foley 6225 Red Skelton 6763 Reed Hadley 6553 Reese Witherspoon 6262 Reginald Denny 6657 Regis Philbin 6834 Regis Toomey 7021 Renan Almendarez Coello 6141 Renata Tebaldi 6628 Renee Adoree 1601 Renee Zellweger 7000 Rev. James Cleveland 6742 Rex Allen 6821 Rex Harrison 6904 Rex Ingram 1651 Rhonda Fleming 6660 Ricardo Cortez 1500 Ricardo Montalban 7021 Rich Little 6372 Richard & Robert Sherman 6918 Richard Arlen 6755 Richard Barthelmess 6755 Richard Basehart 6276 Richard Boleslawski 7021 Richard Brooks 6422 Richard Burton 6336 Richard Carlson 6333 Richard Chamberlain 7018 Richard Crenna 6714 Richard Cromwell 1627 Richard Crooks 1648 Richard D Zanuck 6915 Richard Denning 6932 Richard Dix 1608 Richard Donner 6712 Richard Dreyfuss 7021 Richard Farnsworth 1560 Richard Hayman 1765 Richard Mulligan 6777 Richard Pryor 6438 Richard Rowland 1549 Richard Thorpe 6101 Richard Wallace 1560 Richard Webb 7059 Richard Widmark 6800 Rick Baker 6764 Rick Dees 1560 N. Rick Nelson 1515 Rick Springfield 7060 Ricky Martin 6901 Ridley Scott 6712 Ringo Starr 1750 Rin—Tin—Tin 1623 Rip Taylor 6625 Rita Hayworth 1645 Rita Moreno 7083 Rita Wilson 7024 Ritchie Valens 6733 Rob Lowe 6667 Rob Reiner 6421 Robert Benchley 1724 Robert Casadesus 6251 Robert Cummings 6816 Robert Donat 6420 Robert Duvall 6801 Robert Edeson 1628 Robert Evans 6925 Robert Fuller 6608 Robert Goulet 6368 Robert Guillaume 6675 Robert Merrill 6763 Robert Mitchum 6240 Robert Montgomery 6440 Robert Osborne 1617 Robert Q Lewis 1709 Robert Ripley 6400 Robert Rossen 6821 Robert Shaw 1559 Robert Stack 7001 Robert Sterling 1709 Robert Taylor 1500 Robert Urich 7083 Robert Vaughn 6633 Robert W. Morgan 6841 Robert Wagner 7021 Robert Walker 1709 Robert Wise 6340 Robert Young 6933 Robert Z. Leonard 6370 Robert Zemeckis 6925 Robin Williams 6925 Rochelle Hudson 6200 Rock Hudson 6116 Rod Cameron 1720 Rod La Rocque 1580 Rod Mc Kuen 1501 Rod Serling 6840 Rod Steiger 7080 Rod Stewart 6801 Roddy McDowall 6632 Rodney Bingenheimer 7021 Rodney Dangerfield 6366 Roger Corman 7013 Roger Ebert 6834 Roger Moore 7007 Roger Wagner 7003 Roger Williams 1533 Roland Young 6523 Roma Downey 6664 Ron Howard 6838 Ronald Colman 1623 Ronald Reagan 6374 Rory Calhoun 7007 Rosalind Russell 1708 Roscoe Arbuckle 6701 Rose Marie 7083 Roseanne 6767 Rosemary Clooney 6325 Rosemary De Camp 1640 Rouben Mamoulian 1709 Rowan & Martin 7080 Rowland Lee 6313 Roy Acuff 1541 Roy Clark 6840 Roy Del Ruth 6150 Roy O Disney 6833 Roy Orbison 1750 Roy Rogers 1752 Ruby Keeler 6730 Rudolf Serkin 1751 Rudolph Valentino 6164 Rudy Vallee 1632 Rugrats 6600 RuPaul 6652 Rush 6752 Russ Morgan 1751 Russell Crowe 6801 Rusty Hamer 6323 Ruta Lee 6901 Ruth Ashton Taylor 1540 Ruth Chatterton 6263 Ruth E. Carter 6800 Ruth Etting 6563 Ruth Hussey 1551 Ruth Roland 6260 Ruth Roman 6672 Ruth Warrick 6689 Ryan Murphy 6533 Ryan O'Neal 7057 Ryan Reynolds 6801 Ryan Seacrest 6801 Sabu 6251 Sally Field 6767 Sam Cooke 7051 Sam Warner 6201 Sam Waterston 7040 Sam Wood 6714 Sammy Cahn 6540 Sammy Davis Jr. 6254 Sammy Kaye 6767 Samuel Goldwyn 1631 Samuel L Jackson 7018 Samuel Z Arkoff 7046 Sandra Bullock 6801 Sarah Bernhardt 1751 Sarah Silverman 6000 Sarah Vaughan 1724 Scarlett Johansson 6931 Scatman Crothers 6712 Schumann–Heink 6640 Scott Forbes 1650 Screen Actors Guild Special 7020 Sean Diddy Combs 6801 Selena Quintanilla 1750 Sessue Hayakawa 1645 Seth MacFarlane 6259 Shakira 6270 Shania Twain 6270 Shari Lewis 6743 Sharon Gless 7065 Sharon Stone 6925 Shelley Winters 1752 Sherry Jackson 6324 Sherry Lansing 6925 Sherwood Schwartz 6541 Shirley Booth 6850 Shirley Caesar 6126 Shirley Jones 1541 Shirley MacLaine 1617 Shirley Temple 1500 Shrek 6931 Sid & Marty Krofft 6201 Sid Caesar 7014 Sid Grauman 6379 Sidney Blackmer 1625 Sidney Franklin 6566 Sidney Lanfield 6101 Sidney Poitier 7065 Sidney Sheldon 6739 Siegfried & Roy 7060 Sigmund Lubin 6166 Signe Hasso 7080 Sigourney Weaver 7021 Simon Baker 6352 Simon Cowell 6801 Simon Fuller 6268 Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber 6233 Sir Cedric Hardwicke 6201 Sir Lucian Grainge 1750 Sir Richard Branson 6764 Sissy Spacek 6834 Slash 6901 Slim Summerville 6409 Slim Whitman 1709 Smiley Burnette 6125 Smilin' Ed McConnell 6650 Smokey Robinson 1500 Snoop Dogg 6840 Snoopy 7021 Snow White 6910 Snub Pollard 6415 Sofia Vergara 7013 Sol Lesser 6533 Sonja Henie 6101 Sonny & Cher 7018 Sonny Burke 6920 Sonny James 6630 Sons of the Pioneers 6845 Sophia Loren 7050 Sophie Tucker 6321 Soupy Sales 7000 Spade Cooley 6802 Spanky McFarland 7095 Special Plaque Spencer Tracy 6814 Spike Jones 6290 Spring Byington 6507 Stacy Keach 1628 Stan Chambers 6922 Stan Freberg 6145 Stan Kenton 6340 Stan Laurel 7021 Stan Lee 7072 Stan Winston 6522 Stanley Kramer 6100 Stefanie Powers 6776 Stella Adler 6777 Stephen J Cannell 7000 Stephen Schwartz 6233 Stepin Fetchit 1751 Steve Allen 1720 Steve Carell 6708 Steve Cochran 1750 Steve Edwards 6150 Steve Guttenberg 6411 Steve Harvey 6270 Steve Irwin 6320 Steve Lawrence Steve McQueen 6834 Steve Tisch 6522 Steven Spielberg 6801 Stevie Wonder 7050 Sting 6834 Strongheart 1724 Stu Erwin 6270 Stu Nahan 6549 Stuart Hamblen 6841 Stuart Whitman 7083 Sue Carol Ladd 1639 Sumner Redstone 7000 Susan Hayward 6251 Susan Lucci 6801 Susan Peters 1601 Susan Saint James 1645 Susan Sarandon 6801 Susan Stamberg 6363 Suzanne Pleshette 6751 Suzanne Somers 7018 Syd Cassyd 7080 Sylvester Stallone 6712 Sylvia Sidney 6245 T Tab Hunter 6320 Tallulah Bankhead 6141 Taraji P. Henson 6212 Tavis Smiley 6270 Tay Garnett 6556 Taylor Holmes 6821 Ted Danson 7021 Ted Husing 6821 Ted Knight 6673 Ted Mack 6300 Ted Malone 1628 Ted Turner 7000 Ted Weems 1680 Teddy Riley 6405 Telly Savalas 6801 Tennessee Ernie Ford 1600 Teresa Brewer 1708 Teresa Wright 1680 Terrence Howard 6200 Terry Bradshaw 7080 Terry Moore 7076 Tex Beneke 6200 Tex McCrary 1628 Tex Ritter 6631 Tex Williams 6412 Texas Guinan 1765 Thalia 6262 The Andrews Sisters 6834 The Beatles 7080 The Carpenters 6931 The Dead End Kids 7080 The Doors 6901 The Everly Brothers 7000 The Four Step Brothers 7000 The Four Tops 7060 The Funk Brothers 7065 The Go—Go's 6652 The Harlem Globetrotters 6922 The Hollywood Reporter Special 7016 The Jacksons 1500 The Lennon Sisters 1500 The Lettermen 1765 The Lone Ranger 6914 The Mills Bros. 7000 The Miracles 7060 The Monkees 6675 The Munchkins 6915 The Muppets 6834 The Original 5th Dimension 7000 The Osmond Family 7080 The Pointer Sisters 6363 The Real Don Steele 7080 The Recording Academy Special 7016 The Ritz Brothers 6756 The Simpsons 7021 The Smothers Brothers 6555 The Spinners 6723 The Steve Miller Band 1750 The Supremes 7060 The Temptations 7060 The Three Stooges 1560 The Watson Family 6674 The Westmores 1645 Theda Bara 6307 Thelma Todd 6262 Thelonious Monk 7055 Theodore Bikel 6233 Theodore Kosloff 1617 Theodore Roberts 6166 Thomas A Edison 6700 Thomas Ince 6727 Thomas Meighan 1719 Thomas Mitchell 1651 Tichi Wilkerson–Kassel 7000 Tim Allen 6834 Tim Conway 6740 Tim McCoy 1600 Tim McGraw 6901 Tim Rice 6243 Tim Robbins 6801 Tina Turner 1750 Tinker Bell 6834 Tippi Hedren 7060 Tito Puente 6933 Toby Wing 6561 Tod Browning 6225 Tom Breneman 6290 Tom Brown 1648 Tom Conway 1617 Tom Cruise 6912 Tom Hanks 7000 Tom Jones 6608 Tom Mix 1708 Tom Moore 1640 Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers 7018 Tom Selleck 6925 Tom Sherak 6910 Tom Tully[note 9] 6119 Tommy Dorsey 6675 Tommy Lee Jones 6925 Tommy Mottola 6270 Tommy Riggs & Betty Lou 6164 Tommy Sands 1560 Tommy Tune 1777 Tony Bennett 1560 Tony Curtis 6817 Tony Danza 7000 Tony Martin 6436 Tony Orlando 6385 Toshiro Mifune 6912 Tracy Morgan 6280 Tyler Perry 7024 Tyne Daly 7065 Tyrone Power 6747 Una Merkel 6262 Usher 6201 Valerie Bertinelli 6912 Van Heflin 6311 Van Johnson 6600 Vanessa Brown 1621 Vanessa Williams 7000 Vanna White 7018 Variety Special 7020 Vaughn De Leath 6634 Vaughn Monroe 1755 Vera Miles 1652 Vera Ralston 1752 Vera Vague 1720 Vera – Ellen 7083 Verna Felton 1717 Veronica Lake 6918 Vic Damone 1731 Vicente Fernandez 6160 Victor Fleming 1719 Victor Jory 6605 Victor Mature 6780 Victor McLaglen 1735 Victor Moore 6834 Victor Schertzinger 1611 Victor Young 6363 Victoria's Secret Angels Vikki Carr 6385 Village People 6529 Vilma Banky 7021 Vin Di Bona 1559 Vin Diesel 7000 Vin Scully 6675 Vince Gill 6901 Vince McMahon 6801 Vincent Lopez 6609 Vincent Price 6201 Vincente Minnelli 6676 Viola Dana 6541 Viola Davis 7013 Virginia Cherrill 1545 Virginia Field 1751 Virginia Mayo 1751 Virginia Valli 6125 Vivian Vance 7000 Vivien Leigh 6773 Vladimir Horowitz 1680 W. C. Fields 7004 W. S. Van Dyke 6141 Wallace Beery 7001 Wallace Reid 6617 Wally Cox 6385 Walt Disney 7021 Walter Brennan 6501 Walter Catlett 1713 Walter Huston 6624 Walter Koenig 6679 Walter Lang 6520 Walter Lantz 7000 Walter Matthau 6357 Walter O' Keefe 6153 Walter Pidgeon 6414 Walter Winchell 6714 Ward Bond 6933 Warner Baxter 6284 Warren Hull 6270 Warren William 1559 Wayne King 6251 Wayne Newton 6909 Wayne Rogers 7018 Webb Pierce 1600 Wendell Corey 6328 Wendell Niles 1725 Wendy Barrie 1708 Wendy Williams 6533 Wesley Ruggles 6424 Wesley Snipes 7018 Whoopi Goldberg 6801 Will Ferrell 6767 Will H. Hays 6116 Will Rogers 6401 Willard Waterman 1601 William Beaudine 1777 William Bendix 1638 William Boyd 1734 William Collier 6340 William Demarest 6667 William DeMille 6100 William Dieterle 6901 William Farnum 6322 William Faversham 1724 William Fox 6541 William Frawley 6322 William Friedkin 6925 William H. Macy 7072 William Haines 7012 William Holden 1651 William K. Howard 1500 William Lundigan 6600 William N Selig 6116 William Petersen 6667 William Powell 1636 William Primrose 6801 William S. Hart 6363 William Seiter 6240 William Shatner 6901 William Steinberg 1645 William Wellman 6125 William Wyler 1731 Wink Martindale 7018 Winnie the Pooh 6834 Winona Ryder 7018 Wolfgang Puck 6801 Woody Herman 6805 Woody Woodpecker 7000 Xavier Cugat 1500 Y. Frank Freeman 6821 Yakima Canutt 1500 Yehudi Menuhin 6710 Yma Sumac 6445 Yul Brynner 6162 Yvonne DeCarlo 6124 Zachary Scott 6349 ZaSu Pitts 6554 Zino Francescatti 6704 Zoe Saldana 6920 Zsa Zsa Gabor 6915 Zubin Mehta 1600

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