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Pornography (often shortened to porn) is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the exclusive purpose of sexual arousal.[1] Pornography may be presented in a variety of media, including magazines, animation, writing, film, video, and video games. The term does not include live exhibitions like sex shows and striptease. The primary subjects of present-day pornographic depictions are pornographic models, who pose for still photographs, and pornographic actors who engage in filmed sex acts.

Various groups within society have considered depictions of a sexual nature immoral, addictive, and noxious, labeling them pornographic, and attempting to have them suppressed under obscenity laws, censored or made illegal. Such grounds, and even the definition of pornography, have differed in various historical, cultural, and national contexts.[2] Social attitudes towards the discussion and presentation of sexuality have become more tolerant in Western countries, and legal definitions of obscenity have become more limited, beginning in 1969 with Blue Movie by Andy Warhol, the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sexual intercourse to receive wide theatrical release in the United States. It was followed by the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984), in which the best quality pornographic films became part of mainstream culture.[3][4][5]

A growing industry for the production and consumption of pornography developed in the latter half of the 20th century. The introduction of home video and the Internet saw a boom in the worldwide porn industry that generates billions of dollars annually.[6] Commercialized pornography accounts for over US$2.5 billion in the United States alone,[7] including the production of various media and associated products and services. The porn industry is between $10–$12 billion in the U.S.[8] In 2006, the world pornography revenue was 97 billion dollars.[9] This industry employs thousands of performers along with support and production staff. It is also followed by dedicated industry publications and trade groups, award shows, as well as the mainstream press, private organizations (watchdog groups), government agencies, and political organizations.[10] Videos involving non-consensual content and cybersex trafficking have been hosted on popular pornography sites in the 21st century.[11][12][13][14]

Contents

1 Etymology 2 History

3 Classification

3.1 Subgenres

4 Commercialism

4.1 Economics

4.2 Technology

4.2.1 Computer-generated images and manipulations 4.2.2 3D pornography

4.3 Production and distribution by region

5 Study and analysis

6 Laws and regulations

6.1 What is not pornography 6.2 Copyright status

7 STD prevention and birth control methods

8 Views on pornography

8.1 Feminist views 8.2 Religious views 8.3 Women in the industry

9 See also 10 References

11 Further reading

11.1 Advocacy 11.2 Opposition 11.3 Neutral or mixed

12 External links

Etymology

The word pornography was coined from the ancient Greek words πόρνη (pórnē "prostitute" and πορνεία porneía "prostitution"[15]), and γράφειν (gráphein "to write or to record", derived meaning "illustration", as in "graph"), and the suffix -ία (-ia, meaning "state of", "property of", or "place of"), thus meaning "a written description or illustration of prostitutes or prostitution". No date is known for the first use of the word in Greek; the earliest attested, most related word one could find in Greek, is πορνογράφος, pornográphos, i.e. "someone writing about harlots", in the Deipnosophists of Athenaeus.[16][17] The Modern Greek word pornographia (πορνογραφία) is a reborrowing of the French pornographie.[18]

"Pornographie" was in use in the French language during the 1800s. The word did not enter the English language as the familiar word until 1857[19] or as a French import in New Orleans in 1842.[20] The word was originally introduced by classical scholars as "a bookish, and therefore nonoffensive, term for writing about prostitutes",[21] but its meaning was quickly expanded to include all forms of "objectionable or obscene material in art and literature".[21] As early as 1864, Webster's Dictionary defined the word bluntly as "a licentious painting".[21] The more inclusive word erotica, sometimes used as a synonym for "pornography", is derived from the feminine form of the ancient Greek adjective ἐρωτικός (erōtikós), derived from ἔρως (érōs), which refers to lust and sexual love.[21]

Pornography is often abbreviated to porn or porno in informal language.

For the term in horror films, see torture porn.

History

Further information: History of erotic depictions

Erotic scene on the rim of an Attic red-figure kylix, c. 510 BC.

Depictions of a sexual nature have existed since prehistoric times, as seen in the Venus figurines and rock art.[22] A vast number of artifacts have been discovered from ancient Mesopotamia depicting explicit heterosexual sex.[23][24]

Glyptic art from the Sumerian Early Dynastic Period frequently shows scenes of frontal sex in the missionary position.[23] In Mesopotamian votive plaques from the early second millennium BC, the man is usually shown entering the woman from behind while she bends over, drinking beer through a straw.[23] Middle Assyrian lead votive figurines often represent the man standing and penetrating the woman as she rests on top of an altar.[23] Scholars have traditionally interpreted all these depictions as scenes of ritual sex,[23] but they are more likely to be associated with the cult of Inanna, the goddess of sex and prostitution.[23] Many sexually explicit images were found in the temple of Inanna at Assur,[23] which also contained models of male and female sexual organs.[23]

Depictions of sexual intercourse were not part of the general repertory of ancient Egyptian formal art,[25] but rudimentary sketches of heterosexual intercourse have been found on pottery fragments and in graffiti.[25] The final two thirds of the Turin Erotic Papyrus (Papyrus 55001), an Egyptian papyrus scroll discovered at Deir el-Medina,[26][25] consist of a series of twelve vignettes showing men and women in various sexual positions.[26] The scroll was probably painted in the Ramesside period (1292–1075 BC)[26] and its high artistic quality indicates that it was produced for a wealthy audience.[26] No other similar scrolls have yet been discovered.[25]

Oil lamp artifact depicting the doggy style sexual position

Fanny Hill (1748) is considered "the first original English prose pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel."[27] It is an erotic novel by John Cleland first published in England as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure.[28][29] It is one of the most prosecuted and banned books in history.[30] The authors were charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."

When large-scale excavations of Pompeii were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the erotic art of the Romans came to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the Roman Empire. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of sexuality and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper-class scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in the Secret Museum in Naples and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children, and the working classes.[31]

After the modern invention of photography, photographic pornography was also born. The parisian demimonde included Napoleon III's minister, Charles de Morny, who was an early patron that displayed photos at large gatherings.[32]

The world's first law criminalizing pornography was the English Obscene Publications Act 1857 enacted at the urging of the Society for the Suppression of Vice.[33] The Act, which applied to the United Kingdom and Ireland, made the sale of obscene material a statutory offence, giving the courts power to seize and destroy offending material. The American equivalent was the Comstock Act of 1873[34][35] which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail. The English Act did not apply to Scotland, where the common law continued to apply. However, neither the English nor the United States Act defined what constituted "obscene", leaving this for the courts to determine.

Before the English Act, the publication of obscene material was treated as a common law misdemeanour[36] and effectively prosecuting authors and publishers was difficult even in cases where the material was clearly intended as pornography. Although nineteenth-century legislation eventually outlawed the publication, retail, and trafficking of certain writings and images regarded as pornographic and would order the destruction of shop and warehouse stock meant for sale, the private possession of and viewing of (some forms of) pornography was not made an offence until the twentieth century.[37]

Historians have explored the role of pornography in social history and the history of morality.[38] The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the Hicklin test stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Although they were suppressed, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history.[39]

Pornographic film production commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture in 1895. Two of the earliest pioneers were Eugène Pirou and Albert Kirchner. Kirchner directed the earliest surviving pornographic film for Pirou under the trade name "Léar". The 1896 film Le Coucher de la Mariée showed Louise Willy performing a striptease. Pirou's film inspired a genre of risqué French films showing women disrobing and other filmmakers realised profits could be made from such films.[40][41]

Marquee at Pilgrim Theatre on Washington Street showing Dr. Sex (1964)

Sexually explicit films opened producers and distributors to prosecution. Such films were produced illicitly by amateurs, starting in the 1920s, primarily in France and the United States. Processing the film was risky as was their distribution. Distribution was strictly private.[42][43] In 1969, Denmark became the first country to abolish censorship, thereby decriminalizing pornography, which led to an explosion in investment and of commercially produced pornography. However, it continued to be banned in other countries, and had to be smuggled in, where it was sold "under the counter" or (sometimes) shown in "members only" cinema clubs.[42] Nonetheless, and also in 1969, Blue Movie by Andy Warhol, was the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sexual intercourse to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.[3][4][5] The film was a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn and, according to Warhol, a major influence in the making of Last Tango in Paris, an internationally controversial erotic drama film, starring Marlon Brando, and released a few years after Blue Movie was made.[4]

A selection of pornographic magazines confiscated by customs authorities in 1969.

Two porn actors preparing to shoot a scene for an adult film.

Data from 2015 suggests an increase in pornography viewing over the past few decades, and this has been attributed to the growth of Internet pornography since widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s.[44] Through the 2010s, many pornographic production companies and top pornographic websites[45] – such as PornHub, RedTube and YouPorn – were acquired by MindGeek, which has been described as "a monopoly".[46]

The scholarly study of pornography, notably in cultural studies, is limited, perhaps due to the controversy about the topic in feminism. The first peer-reviewed academic journal about the study of pornography, Porn Studies, was published in 2014.[47]

Classification

Pornography is often distinguished from erotica, which consists of the portrayal of sexuality with high-art aspirations, focusing also on feelings and emotions, while pornography involves the depiction of acts in a sensational manner, with the entire focus on the physical act, so as to arouse quick intense reactions.[1][48][49] Pornography is generally classified as either softcore or hardcore. A pornographic work is characterized as hardcore if it has any hardcore content, no matter how small. Both forms of pornography generally contain nudity. Softcore pornography generally contains nudity or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations, but without explicit sexual activity, sexual penetration or "extreme" fetishism,[50] while hardcore pornography may contain graphic sexual activity and visible penetration,[51] including unsimulated sex scenes.

Subgenres

Pornography encompasses a wide variety of genres. Pornography featuring heterosexual acts composes the bulk of pornography and is "centred and invisible", marking the industry as heteronormative. However, a substantial portion of pornography is not normative, featuring more nonconventional forms of scenarios and sexual activity such as "'fat' porn, amateur porn, disabled porn, porn produced by women, queer porn, BDSM, and body modification."[52]

Pornography can be classified according to the physical characteristics of the participants, fetish, sexual orientation, etc., as well as the types of sexual activity featured. Reality and voyeur pornography, animated videos, and legally prohibited acts also influence the classification of pornography. Pornography may fall into more than one genre. Some examples of pornography genres:

Alt porn Amateur pornography Bondage pornography Ethnic pornography Fetish pornography Group sex Reality pornography Porn parody

Sexual-orientation-based pornography

Straight porn Gay pornography Lesbian pornography Bisexual pornography

Transgender pornography

Commercialism

Economics

Main article: Sex industry

Revenues of the adult industry in the United States are difficult to determine. In 1970, a Federal study estimated that the total retail value of hardcore pornography in the United States was no more than $10 million.[53] In 1998, Forrester Research published a report on the online "adult content" industry estimating $750 million to $1 billion in annual revenue. Studies in 2001 put the total (including video, pay-per-view, Internet and magazines) between $2.6 billion and $3.9 billion.[7]

As of 2014[update], the porn industry was believed to bring in more than $13 billion on a yearly basis in the United States.[54] CNBC has estimated that pornography was a $13 billion industry in the US, with $3,075 being spent on porn every second and a new porn video being produced every 39 minutes.[55]

A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the San Fernando Valley, which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s, and has since become home for various models, actors/actresses, production companies, and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography.

The pornography industry has been considered influential in deciding format wars in media, including being a factor in the VHS vs. Betamax format war (the videotape format war)[56][57] and in the Blu-ray vs. HD DVD format war (the high-def format war).[56][57][58]

Technology

Pornographers have taken advantage of each technological advance in the production and distribution of visual images. Pornography is considered a driving force in the development of technologies from the printing press, through photography (still and motion), to satellite TV, home video, other forms of video, and the Internet.[59]

With commercial availability of tiny cameras and wireless equipment, "voyeur" pornography established an audience.[60][61] Mobile cameras are used to capture pornographic photos or videos, and forwarded as MMS, a practice known as sexting.

Computer-generated images and manipulations

See also: Virtual reality sex

Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs, but some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of completely computer-generated pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering. Further advances in technology have allowed increasingly photorealistic 3D figures to be used in interactive pornography.[62][63][64]

Until the late 1990s, digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In the early 2000s, it became a growing segment, as the modelling and animation software matured and the rendering capabilities of computers improved. As of 2004, computer-generated pornography depicting situations involving children and sex with fictional characters, such as Lara Croft, is already produced on a limited scale. The October 2004 issue of Playboy featured topless pictures of the title character from the BloodRayne video game.[65]

3D pornography

The first pornographic film shot in 3D was 3D Sex and Zen: Extreme Ecstasy, released April 2011 in Hong Kong.[66]

Production and distribution by region

Main article: Pornography by region

A street stall in Hong Kong selling pornography.

The production and distribution of pornography are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it has in political circles are matters of controversy.

In the United States, the sex film industry is centered in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles. In Europe, Budapest is regarded as the industry center.[67][68][69]

Piracy, the illegal copying and distribution of material, is of great concern to the porn industry,[70] the subject of litigation and formalized anti-piracy efforts.[71][72]

Study and analysis

See also: Pornography addiction and Effects of pornography

Research concerning the effects of pornography is concerned with multiple outcomes.[73] Such research includes potential influences on rape, domestic violence, sexual dysfunction, difficulties with sexual relationships, and child sexual abuse.[74] While some literature reviews suggest that pornographic images and films can be addictive, insufficient evidence exists to draw conclusions.[75][76][77][78] Several studies conclude the liberalization of porn in society may be associated with decreased rape and sexual violence rates, while others suggest no effect, or are inconclusive.[79][80][81][82][83][84][85]

Laws and regulations

Further information: Pornography laws by region and Laws regarding child pornography

Sex and the law

Social issues

Age of consent Antisexualism Bodily integrity Censorship Circumcision Deviant sexual intercourse Ethics Freedom of speech Homophobia Intersex rights LGBT rights Miscegenation (interracial relations) Marriageable age Norms Objectification Pornography Public morality Red-light district Reproductive rights Right to sexuality Same-sex marriage Sex industry Sex workers' rights Sexual consent in law Sexual and reproductive health and rights Survival sex

Specific offences(Varies by jurisdiction)

Adultery Bestiality Buggery Child grooming Child pornography Child prostitution Criminal transmission of HIV Cybersex trafficking Female genital mutilation Fornication Incest Pimping

Prostitution

forced procuring

Public indecency

Rape

statutory marital

Seduction Sex trafficking Sexting

Sexual abuse

child

Sexual assault Sexual harassment Slavery Sodomy UK Section 63 (2008) Violence Trafficking Voyeurism

Sex offender registration

Sex offender registry Sex offender registries in the United States

Portals

Human sexuality portal

Law portal

v t e

World map of pornography (18+) laws Pornography legal

Pornography legal, but under some restrictions

Pornography illegal

Data unavailable

The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. Hardcore pornography, on the other hand, is usually regulated. The production and sale, and to a slightly lesser degree the possession, of child pornography is illegal in almost all countries, and some countries have restrictions on pornography depicting violence, for example rape pornography or animal pornography.

Pornographic entertainment on display in a sex shop window, where there is usually a minimum age to go into pornographic stores

Most countries attempt to restrict minors' access to hardcore materials, limiting availability to sex shops, mail-order, and television channels that parents can restrict, among other means. There is usually an age minimum for entrance to pornographic stores, or the materials are displayed partly covered or not displayed at all. More generally, disseminating pornography to a minor is often illegal. Many of these efforts have been rendered practically irrelevant by widely available Internet pornography. A failed US law would have made these same restrictions apply to the internet.

The adult film industry regulations in California require that all actors and actresses practice safe sex using condoms. It is rare to see condom use in pornography.[86] Since porn does better when actors are unprotected, many companies film in other states. Miami is a major area for amateur porn. Twitter plays a big part in an actor's success: because Twitter does not censor content, actors can post freely without having to self-censor, unlike on Instagram and on Facebook.[87]

In the United States, a person receiving unwanted commercial mail he or she deems pornographic (or otherwise offensive) may obtain a Prohibitory Order, either against all mail from a particular sender, or against all sexually explicit mail, by applying to the United States Postal Service. There are recurring urban legends of snuff movies, in which murders are filmed for pornographic purposes. Despite extensive work to ascertain the truth of these rumors, law enforcement officials have not found any such works.

Some people, including pornography producer Larry Flynt and the writer Salman Rushdie,[88] have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography.

The UK government has criminalized possession of what it terms "extreme pornography", following the highly publicized murder of Jane Longhurst.

Child pornography is illegal in most countries, with a child most commonly being a person under the age of 18 (though the age varies). In those countries, any film or photo that shows a child in a sexual act is considered pornography and illegal.

Pornography can infringe into basic human rights of those involved, especially when sexual consent was not obtained. For example, revenge porn is a phenomenon where disgruntled sexual partners release images or video footage of intimate sexual activity, usually on the internet, without authorization from the other person.[89] Lawmakers have also raised concerns about "upskirt" photos taken of women without their consent. In many countries there has been a demand to make such activities specifically illegal carrying higher punishments than mere breach of privacy or image rights, or circulation of prurient material.[90][91] As a result, some jurisdictions have enacted specific laws against "revenge porn".[92]

What is not pornography

In the U.S., a July 2014 criminal case decision in Massachusetts, Commonwealth v. Rex, 469 Mass. 36 (2014),[93] made a legal determination of what was not to be considered "pornography" and in this particular case "child pornography".[94] It was determined that photographs of naked children that were from sources such as National Geographic magazine, a sociology textbook, and a nudist catalog were not considered pornography in Massachusetts even while in the possession of a convicted and (at the time) incarcerated sex offender.[94]

Drawing the line depends on time and place; Occidental mainstream culture got increasingly "pornified" (i.e. tainted by pornographic themes and mainstream films got to include unsimulated sexual acts).[95]

Copyright status

In the United States, some courts have applied US copyright protection to pornographic materials.[96][97] Although the first US copyright law specifically did not cover obscene materials, the provision was removed subsequently.[when?] Most pornographic works are theoretically work for hire meaning pornographic models do not receive statutory royalties for their performances. Of particular difficulty is the changing community attitudes of what is considered obscene, meaning that works could slip into and out of copyright protection based upon the prevailing standards of decency. This was not an issue with the copyright law up until 1972 when copyright protection required registration. The law was changed to make copyright protection automatic, and for the life of the author.[citation needed]

Some courts have held that copyright protection effectively applies to works, whether they are obscene or not,[98] but not all courts have ruled the same way.[99] The copyright protection rights of pornography in the United States has again been challenged as late as February 2012.[96][100]

STD prevention and birth control methods

According to the cast of the Netflix documentary “Hot Girls Wanted”, most of the actors and actresses get screened for STDs every two weeks. However, it is not required for them to be on birth control. One actress in the film states that after partaking in a “Cream Pie” shot which involves ejaculation in the vagina, she was then instructed to purchase Plan B (emergency contraception pill) in order to protect herself from pregnancy. These shots pay more, which is why women will take the risk of falling pregnant.[101]

Views on pornography

Further information: Opposition to pornography

A caricature on "the great epidemic of pornography", 19th-century French illustration

Views and opinions of pornography come in a variety of forms and from a diversity of demographics and societal groups. Opposition of the subject generally, though not exclusively,[102] comes from three main sources: law, feminism and religion.

Feminist views

Main article: Feminist views of pornography

Many feminists, including Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, argue that all pornography is demeaning to women or that it contributes to violence against women, both in its production and in its consumption. The production of pornography, they argue, entails the physical, psychological, or economic coercion of the women who perform in it, and where they argue that the abuse and exploitation of women is rampant; in its consumption, they charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in rape and sexual harassment.[103][104][105]

Sexual exclusionary feminists charge that pornography presents a severely distorted image of sexual relations, and reinforces sex myths; that it always shows women as readily available and desiring to engage in sex at any time, with any man, on men's terms, always responding positively to any advances men make.[106] They argue that because pornography often shows women enjoying and desiring to be violently attacked by men, saying "no" when they actually want sex, fighting back but then ending up enjoying the act – this can affect the public understanding of legal issues such as consent to sexual relations.[107]

In contrast to these objections, other feminist scholars argue that the lesbian feminist movement in the 1980s was good for women in the porn industry.[108] As more women entered the developmental side of the industry, this allowed women to gear porn more towards women because they knew what women wanted, both for actresses and the audience.[108] This is believed to be a good thing because for such a long time, the porn industry has been directed by men for men.[108] This also sparked the arrival of making lesbian porn for lesbians instead of men.[108]

Furthermore, many feminists argue that the advent of VCR, home video, and affordable consumer video cameras allowed for the possibility of feminist pornography.[109] Consumer video made it possible for the distribution and consumption of video pornography to locate women as legitimate consumers of pornography. Tristan Taormino says that feminist porn is "all about creating a fair working environment and empowering everyone involved."[110] Feminist porn directors are interested in challenging representations of men and women, as well as providing sexually-empowering imagery that features many kinds of bodies.[111]

In a 1995 essay for The New Yorker, writer Susan Faludi argued that porn was one of the few industries where women enjoy a power advantage in the workplace. "'Actresses have the power,' Alec Metro, one of the men in line, ruefully noted of the X-rated industry. A former firefighter who claimed to have lost a bid for a job to affirmative action, Metro was already divining that porn might not be the ideal career choice for escaping the forces of what he called 'reverse discrimination.' Female performers can often dictate which male actors they will and will not work with. 'They make more money than us.' Porn – at least, porn produced for a heterosexual audience – is one of the few contemporary occupations where the pay gap operates in women's favor; the average actress makes fifty to a hundred per cent more money than her male counterpart. But then she is the object of desire; he is merely her appendage, the object of the object."[112]

Harry Brod offered a Marxist feminist view: "I would argue that sex seems overrated because men look to sex for fulfillment of nonsexual emotional needs, a quest doomed to failure. Part of the reason for this failure is the priority of quantity over quality of sex which comes with sexuality's commodification."[113]

Religious views

Main article: Religious views on pornography

Religious organizations have been important in bringing about political action against pornography.[114] In the United States, religious beliefs affect the formation of political beliefs that concern pornography.[115]

Women in the industry

The 2012 study "Why Become a Pornography Actress?"[116] analyzed female pornographic film actresses and their reasons for choosing the occupation, finding that the primary reasons were money (53%), sex (27%), and attention (16%).[117] Respondents also stated the aspects of their work which they disliked. These included industry-associated people, e.g., co-workers, directors, producers, and agents, whose "attitudes, behaviors, and poor hygiene [were] difficult to handle within their work environment" or who were unscrupulous and unprofessional (39%); STD risk (29%); and exploitation within the industry (20%).[118]

See also

Erotica and pornography portal

Effects of pornography on relationships Erotic literature Erotic photography Sex in advertising Sex-positive feminism Sex worker

References

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^ H. Montgomery Hyde (1964), A History of Pornography: 1–26.

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^ From the precedent set by R. v. Curl (1729) following the publication of Venus in the Cloister.

^ H. Montgomery Hyde A History of Pornography. (1969) London, Heinemann; p. 14.

^ Judith Ann Giesberg, Sex and the Civil War: Soldiers, Pornography, and the Making of American Morality (U of North Carolina Press, 2017).

^ Beck, Marianna (May 2003). "The Roots of Western Pornography: Victorian Obsessions and Fin-de-Siècle Predilections". Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility. Retrieved 22 August 2006.

^ Bottomore, Stephen (1996). "Léar (Albert Kirchner)". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 15 October 2006. (Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan, eds.)

^ Bottomore, Stephen (1996). "Eugène Pirou". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute. Retrieved 15 October 2006. (Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan, eds.)

^ a b Chris Rodley, Dev Varma, Kate Williams III (Directors); Marilyn Milgrom, Grant Romer, Rolf Borowczak, Bob Guccione, Dean Kuipers (Cast) (7 March 2006). Pornography: The Secret History of Civilization (DVD). Port Washington, NY: Koch Vision. ISBN 1-4172-2885-7. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2006.

^ Corliss, Richard (29 March 2005). "That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic". Time. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2006.

^ Jacobs, Tom (August 28, 2015). "Pornography Consumption on the Rise". Pacific Standard. The Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy. Retrieved November 30, 2015.

^ "Bulk Alexa rank checker". BulkSeoTools.com Bulk Alexa Rank Checker. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.

^ Auerbach, David (23 October 2014). "Vampire Porn". Slate. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.

^ Dugdale, John (2 May 2013). "Porn studies is the new discipline for academics". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2013.

^ William J. Gehrke (10 December 1996). "Erotica is Not Pornography". The Tech.

^ "h2g2 – What is Erotic and What is Pornographic?". BBC. 29 March 2004. Retrieved 14 January 2012.

^ Martin Amis (17 March 2001). "A rough trade". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

^ "P20th Century Nudes in Art". The Art History Archive. Retrieved 29 February 2012.

^ Mulholland, Monique (March 2011). "When Porno Meets Hetero". Australian Feminist Studies. Taylor & Francis. 26 (67): 119–135. doi:10.1080/08164649.2011.546332. S2CID 142218966. The pornographic genre is immense, and includes an enormous variety of styles catering to an equally vast range of tastes and fetishes. Certainly, mainstream heteroporn makes up the main bulk of the genre, and is most easily accessible. As stated above, this style of porn includes highly formulaic displays of paired or group sex, enacted by bodies exhibiting a conventional gendered aesthetic, moving through various sexual positions and penetrations. Nonetheless, some forms of porn are more normative than others, and indeed not all forms of heteroporn are normative, such as 'rimming', girl on boy strap-on anal sex, and hard-core BDSM. Pornography also includes an endless array of different kinds of fetish, 'fat' porn, amateur porn, disabled porn, porn produced by women, queer porn, BDSM and body modification. The list of non- mainstream porn is endless and displays bodies, gender scenarios and sexual activity differently to heteronormative formulations of mainstream heteroporn.

^ President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. Report of The Commission on Obscenity and Pornography 1970, Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office.

^ Szymanski, Dawn M.; Stewart-Richardson, Destin N. (January 2014). "Psychological, relational, and sexual correlates of pornography use on young adult heterosexual men in romantic relationships". The Journal of Men's Studies. Sage. 22 (1): 64–82. doi:10.3149/jms.2201.64. S2CID 146523196.

^ Josh Lipton (2010-01-28). "Coming Soon: XXX In 3D". Minyanville. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2015.

^ a b Mearian, Lucas (2 May 2006). "Porn industry may be decider in Blu-ray, HD-DVD battle". MacWorld. Archived from the original on 12 July 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2007. Ron Wagner, Director of IT at a California porn studio: "If you look at the VHS vs. Beta standards, you see the much higher-quality standard dying because of [the porn industry's support of VHS] ... The mass volume of tapes in the porn market at the time went out on VHS."

^ a b Lynch, Martin (17 January 2007). "Blu-ray loves porn after all". The Inquirer. Incisive Media Investments. Archived from the original on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007. By many accounts VHS would not have won its titanic struggle against Sony's Betamax video tape format if it had not been for porn. This might be over-stating its importance but it was an important factor ... There is no way that Sony can ignore the boost that porn can give the Blu-ray format.

^ Gardiner, Bryan (22 January 2007). "Porn Industry May Decide DVD Format War". FOXNews.com – Technology News. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007. As was expected, the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show saw even more posturing and politics between the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD camps, with each side announcing a new set of alliances and predicting that the end of the war was imminent.

^ Monaco, James. (1999). The dictionary of new media : the new digital world : video, audio, print, film, television, DVD, home theatre, satellite, digital photography, wireless, super CD, internet. Harbor Electronic. ISBN 0-9669744-0-9. OCLC 301650106.

^ Staff. "Magnet Media Holds Porn/Tech Event in NYC This Tuesday". Adult Video News. Retrieved 11 March 2014.

^ Staff. "How Porn Drives Mainstream Internet Technology Adoption Tuesday, Mar 11, 12:30 pm @ Rose Auditorium". Garys Guide. Retrieved 11 March 2014.

^ Samantha Cole and Emanuel Maiberg (2019-11-20). "'They Can't Stop Us:' People Are Having Sex With 3D Avatars of Their Exes and Celebrities". Vice.

^ Alyson Krueger (2017-10-28). "Virtual Reality Gets Naughty". New York Times.

^ Andrew Griffin (2017-11-09). "VIRTUAL REALITY PORNOGRAPHY IS ALLOWING FOR MORE 'INTIMATE' AND 'PERSONAL' EXPERIENCES BUT COULD BRING HORRORS, WARN EXPERTS". The Independent.

^ "Playboy undressed video game women – Aug. 25, 2004". CNN. 25 August 2004. Retrieved 26 August 2006.

^ "Hong Kong filmmakers shoot 'first' 3D porn film". Asian Sex Gazette. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2010.

^ “Strange and wonderful” Budapest — Where the living is increasingly pleasant ... and still very cheap Archived 2010-02-23 at the Wayback Machine. Escapeartist.com (1989-09-11). Retrieved 2011-04-21.

^ Sex trade moguls thrive by the Blue Danube – World, News. The Independent (1996-07-21). Retrieved 2011-04-21.

^ The Art and Politics of Netporn » Abstract. Networkcultures.org. Retrieved 2011-04-21.

^ Hymes, Tom. "Adult Tube Sites Now Spamming Through Google News". AVN.com. Retrieved 20 August 2014.

^ Kernes, Mark. "Nightline Takes a Look at Porn Piracy, and Targets MindGeek". AVN.com. Retrieved 20 August 2014.

^ Staff. "Takedown Piracy Celebrates Fifth Anniversary". AVN.com. Retrieved 20 August 2014.

^ Segal, David (28 March 2014). "Does porn hurt children?". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2014.

^ "Is porn harmful?". BBC. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.

^ Kraus, Shane W; Voon, Valerie; Potenza, Marc N (2015-09-22). "Neurobiology of Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Emerging Science". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (1): 385–386. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.300. ISSN 0893-133X. PMC 4677151. PMID 26657963.

^ Kraus, Shane W.; Voon, Valerie; Potenza, Marc N. (2016-02-19). "Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction?". Addiction. 111 (12): 2097–2106. doi:10.1111/add.13297. PMC 4990495. PMID 26893127.

^ Kühn, S; Gallinat, J (2016). Neurobiological Basis of Hypersexuality. International Review of Neurobiology. 129. pp. 67–83. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.04.002. ISBN 9780128039144. PMID 27503448.

^ Brand, Matthias; Young, Kimberly; Laier, Christian; Wölfling, Klaus; Potenza, Marc N. (2016). "Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 71: 252–266. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033. PMID 27590829.

^ Kutchinsky, Berl (1992), "Pornography, sex crime and public policy", in Gerull, Sally-Anne; Halstead, Boronia (eds.), Sex industry and public policy: proceedings of a conference held 6–8 May 1991, Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology, pp. 41–55, archived from the original on October 7, 2015 ISBN 9780642182913 Pdf. Archived 2013-11-26 at the Wayback Machine

^ Kutchinsky, Berl (Summer 1973). "The effect of easy availability of pornography on the incidence of sex crimes: the Danish experience". Journal of Social Issues. 29 (3): 163–181. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00094.x.

^ Diamond, Milton (September–October 2009). "Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 32 (5): 304–314. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.06.004. PMID 19665229.

^ Slade, Joseph (2001). Pornography and sexual representation: a reference guide, volume 3. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313275685.

^ Kutchinsky, Berl (1970). Studies on pornography and sex crimes in Denmark. New social science monographs. United States: Nyt fra Samfundsvidenskaberne, eksp. OCLC 155896. Online. Archived 2007-10-30 at the Wayback Machine

^ Kendall, Todd D. (January 19–20, 2007). Pornography, rape, and the internet (doc). Fourth bi-annual Conference on the Economics of the Software and Internet Industries. Toulouse, France. Retrieved 30 March 2014. Pdf.

^ D'Amato, Anthony (June 23, 2006). "Porn up, rape down". Northwestern Public Law (Research Paper No. 913013). doi:10.2139/ssrn.913013. SSRN 913013.

^ "Safety in the Adult Film Industry". www.dir.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-17.

^ "Hot Girls Wanted | Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com. Retrieved 2020-04-17.

^ Baxter, Sarah; Brooks, Richard (8 August 2004). "Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007. Pornography exists everywhere, of course, but when it comes into societies in which it's difficult for young men and women to get together and do what young men and women often like doing, it satisfies a more general need ... While doing so, it sometimes becomes a kind of standard-bearer for freedom, even civilisation.

^ Salter, Michael (2013). "Responding to revenge porn: Gender, justice and online legal impunity". Presented at "whose Justice? Contested Approaches to Crime and Conflict", University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 3 January 2016.

^ Levendowski, Amanda M. (2014). "Using Copyright to Combat Revenge Porn". NYU Journal of Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law. Social Science Research Network. 3. SSRN 2374119.

^ Bhasin, Puneet (29 November 2014). "Online Revenge Porn-Recourse for Victims under Cyber Laws". India: iPleaders. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

^ "'Revenge porn' Facebook post leads to jail sentence". BBC News. 2014-12-03. Retrieved 9 October 2015.

^ Staff. "Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Norfolk. COMMONWEALTH v. John REX. No. SJC–11480. Decided: July 9, 2014". findlaw.com. Retrieved 18 July 2014.

^ a b Kernes, Mark. "MA Supremes Rule National Geographic Photos Not Kid Porn". AVN.com. Retrieved 18 July 2014.

^ Aucoin, Don (2006-01-24). "The pornification of America". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2018-11-10. Retrieved 2018-11-10.

^ a b Goussé, Caroline (2012-02-16). "No Copyright Protection for Pornography: A Daring Response to File-Sharing Litigation". Intellectual Property Brief. Retrieved 2012-03-01.

^ Masnick, Mike (2011-11-04). "Court Wonders If Porn Can Even Be Covered By Copyright". Tech Dirt. Retrieved 2012-03-01.

^ Mitchell Bros. Film Group v. Cinema Adult Theater, 604 F.2d 852 (5th Cir.1979) and Jartech v. Clancy, 666 F.2d 403 (9th Cir.1982) held that obscenity could not be a defense to copyright claims.

^ Devils Films, Inc. v. Nectar Video Under, 29 F.Supp.2d 174, 175 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) refused to follow the Mitchell ruling and relied on the doctrine of "clean hands" to deny copyright protection to works seen as obscene.

^ "You Can’t Copyright Porn, Harassed BitTorrent Defendant Insists", TorrentFreak, 6 February 2012. Retrieved 9 Augusti 2012.

^ "Netflix".

^ "2 male porn performers test positive for HIV". Retrieved 31 December 2014.

^ Shrage, Laurie (Fall 2015), "Feminist perspectives on sex markets: pornography", Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

^ MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1983). "Not a moral issue". Yale Law & Policy Review. 2 (2): 321–345. JSTOR 40239168. Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography Pdf.

Reprinted as: MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1989), "Pornography: on morality and politics", in MacKinnon, Catharine A. (ed.), Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 195–214, ISBN 9780674896468.

Also reprinted as: MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1987), "Not a moral issue", in MacKinnon, Catharine A. (ed.), Feminism unmodified: discourses on life and law, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 146–162, ISBN 9780674298743. Preview.

^ "A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)". Think Tank. 1995. PBS. Retrieved 1 September 2009.

^ Jeffries, Stuart (12 April 2006). "Are women human? (Interview with Catharine MacKinnon)". The Guardian. London.

^ Jeffries, Stuart (12 April 2006). "Are women human? (Interview with Catharine MacKinnon)". The Guardian. London. Catharine MacKinnon argues that: "Pornography affects people's belief in rape myths. So for example if a woman says 'I didn't consent' and people have been viewing pornography, they believe rape myths and believe the woman did consent no matter what she said. That when she said no, she meant yes. When she said she didn't want to, that meant more beer. When she said she would prefer to go home, that means she's a lesbian who needs to be given a good corrective experience. Pornography promotes these rape myths and desensitises people to violence against women so that you need more violence to become sexually aroused if you're a pornography consumer. This is very well documented."

^ a b c d Ziv, Amalia (October 2014). "Girl meets boy: cross-gender queer and the promise of pornography". Sexualities. 17 (7): 885–905. doi:10.1177/1363460714532937. S2CID 145460606.

^ Commella, Lynn (2013), "From text to context", in Taormino, Tristan; Parreñas Shimizu, Celine; Penley, Constance; Miller-Young, Mireille (eds.), The feminist porn book: the politics of producing pleasure, New York, New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, pp. 79–96, ISBN 9781558618190.

^ Vogels, Josey (21 April 2009). "Female-friendly porn". Metro News. Canada: Metro International. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015.

^ Erickson, Loree (2013), "Out of line: the sexy femmegimp politics of flaunting it!", in Taormino, Tristan; Parreñas Shimizu, Celine; Penley, Constance; Miller-Young, Mireille (eds.), The feminist porn book: the politics of producing pleasure, New York, New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, pp. 320–328, ISBN 9781558618190.

^ Fauldi, Susan (October 30, 1995). "The Money Shot". The New Yorker. pp. 65–66. (Emphasis in original).

^ Brod, Harry (1996). "Pornography and the alienation of male sexuality". In May, Larry; Strikwerda, Robert; Hopkins, Patrick D. (eds.). Rethinking masculinity: philosophical explorations in light of feminism (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 242. ISBN 9780847682577.

^ Sherkat, Darren E.; Ellison, Christopher G. (March 1997). "The cognitive structure of a moral crusade: conservative protestantism and opposition to pornography". Social Forces. 75 (3): 958. doi:10.1093/sf/75.3.957. JSTOR 2580526.

^ Sherkat, Darren E.; Ellison, Christopher G. (August 1999). "Recent developments and current controversies in the sociology of religion". Annual Review of Sociology. 25: 370. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.363. JSTOR 223509. Pdf.

^ Griffith, James D.; Adams, Lea T.; Hart, Christian L.; Mitchell, Sharon (July 2012). "Why become a pornography actress?". International Journal of Sexual Health. 24 (3): 165–180. doi:10.1080/19317611.2012.666514. S2CID 143232567.

^ Griffith et al. 2012, pp. 170.

^ Griffith et al. 2012, pp. 173.

Further reading

Advocacy

Bright, Susie (1990). Susie Sexpert's lesbian sex world. Pittsburgh: Cleis Press. ISBN 9780939416356.

Bright, Susie (1992). Susie Bright's sexual reality: a virtual sex world reader. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Cleis Press. ISBN 9780939416592. Both of Bright's books challenge any equations between feminism and anti-pornography positions.

Hunter, Jack (September 14, 2012), "Art or obscene? (blog)", in Dodson, Betty (ed.), Feminism and free speech: pornography, Feminists for Free Expression 1993, retrieved May 8, 2002

Ellis, Kate (1988). Caught looking: feminism, pornography & censorship (2nd ed.). Seattle: Real Comet Press. ISBN 9780941104234.

Griffin, Susan (1981). Pornography and silence: culture's revenge against nature. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060116477.

Gever, Matthew (3 December 1998). "Pornography helps women, society". Daily Bruin. UCLA. Retrieved 3 July 2011. Student run newspaper.

Gregory, Michele. "Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography (or, a study in alliteration: the pro pornography position paper)". Witsendzine.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2002. Retrieved 3 July 2011.

Juno, Andrea; Vale, V. (Fall 1991). Angry women. RE/Search. 13. Re/Search Publications. ISBN 9780940642249. Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon.

McElroy, Wendy (29 June 2000). "You are what you read?". lewrockwell.com. Retrieved 3 July 2011. Defends the availability of pornography, and condemns feminist anti-pornography campaigns.

McElroy, Wendy. "A feminist overview of pornography, ending in a defense thereof". wendymcelroy.com. Retrieved 3 July 2011.

McElroy, Wendy. "A feminist defense of pornography". Council for Secular Humanism. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2011.

Newitz, Annalee (8 May 2002). "Obscene feminists: why women are leading the battle against censorship". San Francisco Bay Guardian. San Francisco Newspaper Company. Retrieved 3 July 2011.

Strossen, Nadine (2000). Defending pornography: free speech, sex, and the fight for women's rights. New York London: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814781494.

Review of Strossen's book: Blumen, Jonathan (November 1995). "Nadine Strossen: pornography must be tolerated". The Ethical Spectacle. 1 (11).

Tucker, Scott (1990). "Gender, fucking, and utopia: an essay in response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man". Social Text. 27 (27): 3–34. doi:10.2307/466305. JSTOR 466305. Critique of Stoltenberg and Dworkin's positions on pornography and power.

Williams, Linda (1989). Hard core: power, pleasure, and the "frenzy of the visible". Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520066533.

Also as: Williams, Linda (1999). Hard core: power, pleasure, and the "frenzy of the visible" (Expanded paperback ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520219434.

Williams, Linda, ed. (2004). Porn studies. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822333128.

Opposition

Assiter, Alison (1989). Pornography, feminism, and the individual. London Winchester, Massachusetts: Pluto Press. ISBN 9780745303192. Assiter advocates seeing pornography as epitomizing a wider problem of oppression, exploitation and inequality which needs to be better understood.

Carse, Alisa L. (February 1995). "Pornography: an uncivil liberty?". Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy. 10 (1): 155–182. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1995.tb01358.x. JSTOR 3810463. An argument for approaches to end harm to women caused by pornography.

Davies, Alex (March 2014). "How to silence content with porn, context and loaded questions". European Journal of Philosophy. 24 (2): 498–522. doi:10.1111/ejop.12075. (Online version before inclusion in an issue.) An illustration of Catharine Mackinnon's theory that pornography silence's women's speech, this illustration differs from one given by Rae Langton (below).

Hill, Judith M. (June 1987). "Pornography and degradation". Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy. 2 (2): 39–54. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1987.tb01064.x. JSTOR 3810015. A critique of the pornographic industry within a Kantian ethical framework.

Kimmel, Michael (1990). Men confront pornography. New York: Crown. ISBN 9780517569313. A variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take advantage of men.

Langton, Rae (Autumn 1993). "Speech acts and unspeakable acts". Philosophy & Public Affairs. 22 (4): 293–330. JSTOR 2265469. Pdf. A description of Catharine Mackinnon's theory that pornography silence's women's speech, this description differs from the one given by Alex Davies (above).

Lubben, Shelley. Secondary negative effects on employees of the pornographic industry (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-23.

MacKinnon, Catharine (1983). "Not a moral issue". Yale Law & Policy Review. 2 (2): 321–345. JSTOR 40239168. Pdf. An argument that pornography is one element of an unjust institution of the subordination of women to men.

MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1987), "Francis Biddle's sister: pornography, civil rights, and speech", in MacKinnon, Catharine A. (ed.), Feminism unmodified: discourses on life and law, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 177, 181 and 193, ISBN 9780674298743. Preview. An argument that pornography silences women therefore acting as an infringement of free speech (see Davies above, and Langton, also above).

MacKinnon, Catharine A. (January 1989). "Sexuality, pornography, and method: "Pleasure under Patriarchy"". Ethics. 99 (2): 314–346. doi:10.1086/293068. JSTOR 2381437. S2CID 170231533.

Vadas, Melinda (September 1987). "A first look at the Pornography/Civil Rights Ordinance: could pornography be the subordination of women?". The Journal of Philosophy. 84 (9): 487–511. doi:10.5840/jphil198784938. JSTOR 2027061. A defence of the Dworkin-MacKinnon definition and condemnation of pornography employing putatively relatively rigorous analysis.

See also: Parent, W. A. (April 1990). "A second look at pornography and the subordination of women". The Journal of Philosophy. 87 (4): 205–211. doi:10.2307/2026681. JSTOR 2026681. A criticism of Vadas' paper.

Vadas, Melinda (August 1992). "The Pornography/Civil Rights Ordinance v. The BOG: and the winner is…?". Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy. 7 (3): 94–109. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1992.tb00906.x. JSTOR 3809874. An argument that pornography increases women's vulnerability to rape.

Various (1988). Pornography and sexual violence: evidence of the links. The complete transcript of Public Hearings on Ordinances to Add Pornography as Discrimination Against Women: Minneapolis City Council, Government Operations Committee, December 12 and 13, 1983. London: Everywoman. ISBN 9781870868006. A representation of the causal connections between pornography and violence towards women.

Whisnant, Rebecca (2015), "Not your father's Playboy, not your mother's feminist movement: feminism in porn", in Kiraly, Miranda; Tyler, Meagan (eds.), Freedom fallacy: the limits of liberal feminism, Ballarat, Victoria: Connor Court Publishing, ISBN 9781925138542.

Neutral or mixed

Vance, Carole, ed. (1984). Pleasure and danger: exploring female sexuality. Boston: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 9780710202482. Collection of papers from 1982 conference; visible and divisive split between anti-pornography activists and lesbian S&M theorists.

Real Your Brain on Porn. Retrieved 2019-04-14.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pornography.

Early silent pornographic film from 1925 available at Wikimedia Commons.

Look up pornography in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Pornography

Commentary

"American Porn". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved 2014-02-01. Interactive web site companion to a Frontline documentary exploring the pornography industry within the United States.

Technology

From teledildonics to interactive porn: the future of sex in a digital age (2014-06-06), The Guardian

Economics

Susannah Breslin, Contributor (2013-12-20). "LEADERSHIP: What Porn Stars Do When The Porn Industry Shuts Down". Forbes.

Government

Kutchinsky, Berl, Professor of Criminology: The first law that legalized pornography (Denmark)

History

Patricia Davis, PhD, Simon Noble & Rebecca J. White (2010). The History of Modern Pornography. History.com.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

Sociology

Diamond, M. and Uchiyama, A. (1999). "Pornography, Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 22 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1016/s0160-2527(98)00035-1. PMID 10086287. Archived from the original on 2007-02-16.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

"Pornography and Censorship". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Articles related to pornography

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Organizations

Churchmen's Committee for Decent Publications Feminists Fighting Pornography Fight the New Drug The Marriage Vow No More Page 3 Stop Bild Sexism Stop Child Trafficking Now Stop Porn Culture Women Against Pornography Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media XXXchurch.com

Overuse

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Adultcon AVN Adult Entertainment Expo Barcelona International Erotic Film Festival Brussels International Festival of Eroticism Exotic Erotic Ball Exxxotica Expo HUMP Porn Sunday

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Adult movie theater Blue Movie Golden Age Not safe for work Pornographication Pornotopia R18 certificate Rule 34 Sex shop Sexualization X rating

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Europe

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UK

Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014 British Board of Film Classification Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship Obscene Publications Act 1959 Possession of Extreme Pornographic Images Video Recordings Act 2010

North America

Canada Jamaica Mexico

US

Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance Child Online Protection Act

Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act

Custodian of Records

Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990 Communications Decency Act Pornography Victims Compensation Act

Oceania

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South America

Brazil Chile Colombia

Cases

American Booksellers v. Hudnut California v. Freeman Jacobellis v. Ohio Miller v. California R v Butler R v Glad Day Bookshops Inc R v Peacock Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. Stanley v. Georgia United States v. Extreme Associates United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group

Other

Meese Report President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography

Childpornographylaws

By country

Australia Canada India Japan Netherlands Philippines Portugal United Kingdom

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Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 New York v. Ferber Osborne v. Ohio PROTECT Act of 2003 United States v. Williams

Other

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United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.

v t e

Photography

Terminology

35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F-number

Film format

Large Medium

Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb (optics) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red-eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System

Genres

Abstract Aerial Aircraft Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine-art Fire Forensic Glamour High-speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pictorialism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Straight photography Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife

Techniques

Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre-jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High-speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long-exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabattier effect Slow motion Stereoscopy Stopping down

Strip

Slit-scan

Sun printing

Tilt–shift

Miniature faking

Time-lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography

Composition

Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Golden triangle (composition)

Equipment

Camera

light-field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view

Darkroom

enlarger safelight

Film

base format holder stock available films discontinued films

Filter

Flash

beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox

Lens

Prime lens Zoom lens Wide-angle lens Telephoto lens

Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector

Tripod

head

Zone plate

History

Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts

Digitalphotography

Digital camera

D-SLR

comparison

MILC camera back

Digiscoping Comparison of digital and film photography Film scanner

Image sensor

CMOS APS CCD Three-CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor

Image sharing Pixel

Colorphotography

Color

Print film

Chromogenic print

Reversal film

Color management

color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model

Photographicprocessing

Bleach bypass C-41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K-14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath

Lists

Most expensive photographs

Photographers

Norwegian Polish street women

Category

Outline

v t e

Sexual revolution

Main topics

Birth control Free love Gay liberation Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf

Milestones

Abortion law Boys in the Sand Blue Movie Myra Breckinridge Deep Throat Divorce law by country Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Golden Age of Porn Loving v. Virginia Miller Test Obergefell v. Hodges "Porno chic" Pornography Pornography in the United States Swinging

The Pill (1965) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses

Slogans

"Make love, not war" "The personal is political"

Events

AIDS epidemic Kinsey Reports Masters and Johnson Institute Playboy Protests of 1968 Stonewall riots Summer of Love

People

Pat Califia Marilyn Chambers Aleister Crowley Betty Dodson Gerard Damiano Sigmund Freud Ralph Ginzburg Al Goldstein Fred Halsted Nina Hartley Hugh Hefner Magnus Hirschfeld David Hurles Virginia Johnson Alfred Kinsey Linda Lovelace Robert Mapplethorpe William Margold William Masters Radley Metzger Bettie Page Wilhelm Reich Marquis de Sade Margaret Sanger Annie Sprinkle Andy Warhol Ruth Westheimer Oscar Wilde

Places

55th Street Playhouse Caldron (sex club) Catacombs (sex club) Club Baths The Factory Gay bathhouse

LGBT culture

Dallas-Fort Worth Houston Miami New York City San Francisco

Mineshaft (gay club) New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre Plato's Retreat Sandstone retreat South of Market

Related

Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist views of pornography Freudo-Marxism Hippie

Inside Deep Throat (2005 film)

Kinsey (2004 film) LGBT Lust

Lovelace (2013 film)

Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (2001 book)

The Notorious Bettie Page (2005 film) Peace movement Slut-shaming

Whatever (1994 novel)

v t e

Outline of human sexuality

Physiology and biology

Erection Insemination Intersex Libido Nocturnal emission

Orgasm

Female and male ejaculation

Pelvic thrust Pre-ejaculate Pregnancy Sexual arousal Sexual stimulation

Health andeducation

Birth control Condom Masters and Johnson

Reproductive medicine

Andrology Gynaecology Urology

Safe sex Sex education

Sex therapy (PLISSIT model) Sexology

Sexual dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality

Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection

Identity and diversity

Gender binary Gender identity Men who have sex with men Sexual identity Sexual orientation Women who have sex with women

Law

Age of consent Criminal transmission of HIV Child sexual abuse Incest Indecent exposure Obscenity

Sexual abuse

Cybersex trafficking Rape Sex trafficking Sexual assault Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Sexual slavery Sexual violence

History

Blue Movie Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist sex wars Golden Age of Porn History of erotic depictions Sexual revolution

Relationships and society

Anarchism and love/sex Extramarital sex Family planning Flirting Free love Marriage Modesty Polyamory Premarital sex Promiscuity Romance Sex-positive movement Sexual abstinence Sexual addiction Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual objectification Sexual slang

By country

Ancient Rome China India Japan Philippines South Korea United States

Sexual activities

Conventional sex Anal sex Bareback BDSM Child sex Creampie Edging Erotic sexual denial Fetishism Fingering Fisting Gang bang Group sex Masturbation Mechanics of sex Nipple stimulation Non-penetrative sex Facial Foot fetishism Footjob Forced orgasm Frot Handjob Mammary intercourse Sumata

Oral sex

69 Anilingus Cunnilingus Fellatio Irrumatio

Paraphilia Pompoir Quickie Sex in space Sex positions Sexual fantasy Sexual fetishism

Sexual intercourse

Foreplay

Sexual penetration Swinging Tribadism Urethral intercourse Urolagnia

Virtual sex

Cybersex Erotic talk

Wet T-shirt contest

Sex industry

Red-light district Adult video games Erotica

Pornography

Film actor

Prostitution

Survival sex

Sex museum Sex shop

Sex tourism

Child Female

Sex worker

Sex toy

doll

Strip club Webcam model

Religion andsexuality

Buddhism Christian demonology Daoism Islam Mormonism Sex magic

Human sexuality portal

v t e

Human sexuality and sexology

Sexual relationshipphenomena

Asexuality

Gray asexuality

Bisexuality Casual relationship Casual sex

Celibacy

Celibacy syndrome Herbivore men

Committed relationship Conventional sex Free love Foreplay Heterosexuality Homosexuality Hypersexuality Marriage One-night stand Polyamory

Promiscuity

Female

Romantic love

Romantic orientation

Flirting Sex life Sexual abstinence Sexual orientation Sexual partner Single person Swinging

Sexual dynamics

Hypergamy Physical attractiveness Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual frustration Sociosexuality

See also

Sexual addiction Sex Addicts Anonymous Sex-positive movement Sexual surrogate

Authority control

BNE: XX526455 BNF: cb12647536c (data) GND: 4046809-4 HDS: 016561 LCCN: sh85105008 MA: 2781301322 NARA: 10643026

Categories: Pornography Sexuality

Amateur pornography

Category of pornography that features amateur models

"Sex tape" redirects here. For other uses, see Sex tape (disambiguation).

Amateur pornography is a category of pornography that features models, actors or non-professionals performing without pay, or actors for whom this material is not their only paid modeling work. Reality pornography is made porn which seeks to emulate the style of amateur pornography.[1] Amateur porn has been called one of the most profitable and long-lasting genres of pornography.[2]

Contents

1 History

1.1 Photographs 1.2 Home movies and videos 1.3 Literature: sex stories 1.4 Revenge porn 1.5 Minors

2 User-generated online content 3 References 4 External link

History[edit]

Photographs[edit]

The introduction of Polaroid cameras in 1948 allowed amateurs to self-produce pornographic photographs immediately and without the need for sending them to a film processor, who might have reported them as violations of obscenity laws.[2] One of the more significant increases in amateur pornographic photography came with the advent of the internet, image scanners, digital cameras, and more recently camera phones. These have enabled people to take private photos and then share the images almost instantly, without the need for expensive distribution, and this has resulted in an ever-growing variety and quantity of material.[2] It has also been argued that in the Internet age it has become more socially acceptable to make and view amateur porn.[2] Starting in the 1990s, pornographic images were shared and exchanged via online services such as America Online (AOL).[3] Photo sharing sites such as Flickr and social networking sites such as MySpace have also been used to share amateur pornographic photographs – usually nudes but also hardcore photos. A more private and easy to control method of sharing photos is through Yahoo or Google Groups which have access restricted to group members.

The general public has become more aware in recent years of the potential dangers to teenagers or children, who may be unaware of the consequences, using their camera phones to make videos and images which are then shared amongst their friends, as in sexting).[2] Images initially meant to be shared between couples can now be spread around the world.[2] The result is now a small but growing amount of online amateur porn depicting underage models, created by the young people themselves.[2]

Home movies and videos[edit]

Before the advent of camcorders and VHS tapes couples had to film themselves using Super 8 film which then had to be sent for film processing. This was both expensive and risky as the processing laboratory might report the film to the police depending on their local laws.

Amateur pornography began to rapidly increase in the 1980s, with the camcorder revolution, when people began recording their sex lives and watching the results on VCRs.[2] These home movies were initially shared for free, often under the counter at the local video store.[4] Homegrown Video was the first company to release and distribute these types of amateur adult videos commercially.[5] They were established in 1982, and AVN magazine ranked Homegrown Video #1 among the 50 most influential adult titles ever made because it resulted in the creation of the amateur pornography genre in adult video.[6] Several people who sent their tapes to Homegrown Video became professional porn stars, including Stephanie Swift, Melissa Hill, Rayveness,[7] and Meggan Mallone.[8] In 1991, in response to a Boston Globe investigation, video store proprietors reported that between 20 and 60% of video rentals and sales were of adult amateur home video films.[9]

One highly publicized case was that of Kathy Willets and her husband Jeffrey in 1991. Jeffrey was a deputy sheriff in Broward County, Florida who had recorded his "nymphomaniac" wife's sexual exploits with up to eight men a day.[10] He was charging up to $150 an hour and had also taped some significant local figures, so the two were arrested and charged with prostitution. Ellis Rubin acted as defense council and contended that Willets' nymphomania was caused by the use of Prozac. In the end, they pleaded guilty and both were convicted, although Kathy has gone on to a career in the adult film industry.[11]

The term 'realcore' has been used to describe digital amateur porn, which arose due to the combination of cheap digital cameras and the World Wide Web in the late 90s. The term refers both to how porn is made, with simple cameras and a documentary style, and how it is distributed, mostly for free, in web communities or Usenet newsgroups. The term was invented by Sergio Messina, who first used it at the Ars Electronica Symposium in 2000, and was subsequently adopted by a number of authors and experts. Messina has written a book on the subject, entitled Realcore, the digital porno revolution.[12][13]

Amateur porn has also influenced the rise of the celebrity sex tape, featuring stars like Scott Stapp, Kid Rock,[14] Pamela Anderson, Paris Hilton, and Kim Kardashian.[7] The increase of free amateur porn "tube sites" has allowed homemade films to be uploaded across multiple tube sites on the internet, like Pornhub or XVideos.[2] Due to the popularity of social networks, people can also connect with other amateur porn enthusiasts to discuss and share their sex life on platforms solely for this purpose. There are sites with an open or "closed until verification" community where people can freely share your own pictures or watch amateurs' videos directly from those who record them.[15]

Literature: sex stories[edit]

The internet has also affected amateur authors sharing their pornographic stories. Text is much easier to disseminate than images and so from the early 1990s amateurs were contributing stories to usenet groups such as alt.sex.stories and also to online repositories. While most commercial sites charge for image content, story content is usually free to view and is funded by pop-up or banner advertising. Story submission and rating depends on registration as a user, but this is also usually free. Example sites include Literotica, True Dirty Stories[16] and Lust Library.[citation needed]

Revenge porn[edit]

Main article: Revenge porn

The advent of amateur and self-produced pornography has given rise to civil suits and newly identified and defined criminal activity. So called "revenge porn" gained awareness in the late 2000s in the press through initial lawsuits by victims who had images and video of them either nude or in intimate acts posted on the internet.[17][18][19][20]

Minors[edit]

If the video or images in question are of individuals who are minors, including material created by the subject (ex. selfies, etc.), investigation by law enforcement can lead to charges for child pornography[21] as has happened in cases involving sexting.[22][23]

User-generated online content[edit]

Main article: Porn 2.0

Like traditional magazine and VHS/DVD-based pornography, Internet pornography has long been a profitable venture. However, with the rise of Web 2.0 ventures and amateur pornography, websites based upon the YouTube platform of user-generated content and video sharing have become highly popular. By January 2008 a search for "porn" and "tube" returned 8.3 million results on Yahoo and 8.5 million on MSN.[24] (By October 2017 searches for "porn" and "tube" returned 23 million results on Google. By March 2017 searches for "porn" and "tube" returned 1420 million results on Google.). Video hosting service "tube" websites feature free user-uploaded amateur pornography,[24] and have become the most visited pornography websites on the internet.

Since the content of these websites is entirely free and of reasonably high quality, and because most of the videos are full-length instead of short clips, these websites have sharply cut in to the profits of pornographic paysites and traditional magazine and DVD-based pornography.[24][25] The profits of tube-site owners are also squeezed in an increasingly crowded market, with the number of sites constantly growing.[24]

References[edit]

^ Robert Clyde Allen; Annette Hill (2004). The television studies reader. Routledge. p. 565. ISBN 978-0-415-28323-6.

^ a b c d e f g h i Stephen Yagielowicz (2008-08-09). "The New Face of Amateur Porn". XBIZ. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

^ Smith, Greg B. (September 24, 1996). "NEW ROCHELLE MAN FACING CYBERSEX RAP". New York Daily News. Retrieved 29 November 2014.

^ "The Times-News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.

^ "Homegrown Video's President Spills His Seed". AVN Online. Retrieved 14 November 2012.

^ Warren, Peter. "Pure Play Brings Homegrown Classics to DVD for First Time". AVN Online. Retrieved 14 November 2012.

^ a b Rodger Jacobs (2006-01-03). "Watchersweb". XBIZ. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

^ Warren, Peter. "Meggan Mallone Featured in Homegrown's 'Chronicles of Hornia'". AVN Online. Retrieved 14 November 2012.

^ "Sun Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.

^ Washington Times Sept 14th, 1991

^ "Seymore and Shane Meet Kathy Willets the Naughty Nymph" – via IMDb.

^ Jacobs, Katrien (2007). DIY Web Culture and Sexual Politics 0742554317. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-5431-3.

^ Jacobs, Katrien; Pasquinelli, Matteo; Jannsen, Marie (2007). C'lick Me - A Netporn Studies Reader. Institute of Network Cultures. ISBN 978-90-78146-03-2.

^ "Woman In Kid Rock/ Scott Stapp Sex Tape Files Lawsuit". mtv.com. MTV News. Retrieved 9 December 2020.

^ "39 Great Amateur and Homemade Porn Sites". Pornsitestars.com. Homemade Porn - Amateurs Recording at Home. Retrieved 16 May 2018.

^ "True Dirty Stories - Free Sex Stories from Real People". www.truedirtystories.com. Retrieved 16 March 2017.

^ Camille Dodero,“Gary Jones” Wants Your Nudes, The Village Voice (May 16, 2012)].

^ Danielle K. Citron, ‘Revenge porn’ should be a crime, CNN Opinion (Aug. 30, 2013).

^ Emily Bazelon, Why Do We Tolerate Revenge Porn?, Slate (Sept. 25, 2013).

^ Eric Larson, It's Still Easy to Get Away With Revenge POrn, Mashable (Oct. 21, 2013).

^ "Sexting teens can go too far". Philadelphia News. 2008-12-14. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. Retrieved 2014-03-27.

^ Seidman, Karen (2013-11-16). "Child pornography laws 'too harsh' to deal with minors sexting photos without consent, experts say". National Post News - Canada. Retrieved 27 March 2014.

^ Matyszczyk, Chris. "Teen charged with child porn for allegedly tweeting nude selfies". Cnet.com. Retrieved 27 March 2014.

^ a b c d Jett Lynn (2008-04-12). "The Deal with User-Generated Content". XBIZ. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

^ Swartz, Jon (2007-06-12). "Purveyors of porn scramble to keep up with Internet". USA Today.

External link[edit]

Media related to Amateur pornography at Wikimedia Commons

v t e

Independent production

Reading

Alternative comics Alternative manga Fanzine

Webcomic

business

Webtoon

Minicomic

Co-ops

Doujinshi

conventions printers shops

Self-publishing Small press Amateur press association

Audio

Independent music

Record label

Netlabel Open-source label

Radio

Station Pirate radio

Cassette culture Doujin music Lo-fi music Tracker (MOD) music Podsafe

Musical instruments

Circuit bending Experimental musical instrument

Video

Amateur

Home movies Amateur film Amateur pornography Fan film Machinima

Professional

Independent animation Cinema of Transgression Independent film Exploitation film Guerrilla filmmaking

B movie

Golden Age 50s 60s–70s 80s–present

Z movie Midnight movie Low-budget film No-budget film No Wave Cinema Double feature

Software

Cowboy coding Demoscene Free software Open-source software Software cracking Unofficial patch Warez scene

Video games

Indie games

development developers

Homebrew Fangame Doujin soft Mod Open-source video game ROM hack

Food Drinks

Independent soft drink Homebrewing Microbrewery

Other

Indie art

Amateur photography Mail art Naïve art Outsider art Visionary environment

Indie RPG Independent circuit (wrestling) Independent TV station

General

Indie design

Do it yourself (DIY ethic) Doujin Make (magazine) Maker Faire Social peer-to-peer processes

v t e

Pornography

Pornography

Types

Amateur

Cartoon

Hentai Tijuana bible

Child

Erotica Simulated

Deepfake Feminist Hardcore Internet Mobile Phone Revenge Sexting Softcore

Genres

Alt Bisexual Bondage Casting couch

Celebrity

Sex tape

Clothed female, naked male Clothed male, naked female Convent Ethnic Gang bang Gay Gonzo Incest Lesbian MILF Mormon Queer Rape Reality Tentacle Transgender Women's

Related

History Film actor

Organizations

Adult Film Association of America Critics Adult Film Association Fans of X-Rated Entertainment Free Speech Coalition X-Rated Critics Organization List of pornography companies List of pornographic film studios

Opposition topornography

Movements

Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom Anti-pornography movement in the United States Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance

Organizations

Churchmen's Committee for Decent Publications Feminists Fighting Pornography Fight the New Drug The Marriage Vow No More Page 3 Stop Bild Sexism Stop Child Trafficking Now Stop Porn Culture Women Against Pornography Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media XXXchurch.com

Overuse

NoFap Content-control software Accountability software Parental controls Employee monitoring software

Views

Feminist Religious Sex-positive feminist

Media

Audio

Film

Parody Cartoon

Magazines

List

Video games

Eroge

Newspaper features

Page 3

Possible effects

Addiction

Internet sex addiction Pornography addiction Sex addiction

Objectification of women / sexism STDs

People

Performers by decade British performers Gay male performers Pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films Mainstream actors who have appeared in pornographic films Film directors

Events

Adultcon AVN Adult Entertainment Expo Barcelona International Erotic Film Festival Brussels International Festival of Eroticism Exotic Erotic Ball Exxxotica Expo HUMP Porn Sunday

Miscellaneous

Adult movie theater Blue Movie Golden Age Not safe for work Pornographication Pornotopia R18 certificate Rule 34 Sex shop Sexualization X rating

See also

Erotica

Art Comics Film Literature Photography

Sexual activity Ribaldry Right to sexuality Sex-positive movement Sexual repression Sexual revolution

Category

Erotica and pornography portal

Human sexuality portal

Categories: Pornography by genre Video hosting DIY culture

Alt porn

Alternative porn (also known as alt porn, alternaporn, or simply alt), a shortening of "alternative pornography", tends to involve members of such subcultures as goths, punks, emos, scenes, skaters or ravers and is often produced by small and independent websites or filmmakers. It often features models with body modifications such as tattoos, piercings, or scarifications, or temporary modifications such as dyed hair. The term indie porn is also sometimes used, though this term is more generally used as a synonym for independent pornography, regardless of affinity with any kind of alternative subculture.

Contents

1 History 2 Controversies 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links

History[edit]

While pornography specifically oriented toward alternative culture did not arise until the 1990s[citation needed], the work of Gregory Dark, David Aaron Clark, Michael Ninn, and Stephen Sayadian are seen as the early creators of the alt porn genre. The Cinema of Transgression of Richard Kern and Nick Zedd (as well as Kern's later photographic work) can also be viewed as early examples of alt porn.[1][2][3]

SuicideGirls model Bullet is representative of alt porn style, with multiple tattoos and piercings.

The first venue explicitly devoted to "subcultural erotica" was Blue Blood,[4] a glossy magazine that began in 1992 and featured models with a goth or cyberpunk look. The biggest market for alt porn, however, has been on the Internet. Other than a few ephemeral personal websites, the earliest explicitly alt porn site was Blue Blood's GothicSluts.com, established in early 1999. This was followed shortly after by Raverporn.net, which was later renamed to EroticBPM.com, in July of the same year, and later followed by NakkidNerds in December. Supercult began in 2000, followed by SuicideGirls in late 2001, which has grown to become the most popular and financially lucrative alt porn site. With the success of SuicideGirls, the number of alt porn sites has grown in number since 2002.[5][6][7] In addition to the above-mentioned sites, well-known altporn websites in operation as of September 2008 include Lazerbunny, Burning Angel, and GodsGirls.

The terms "alternative porn" or "alt porn" were coined in the early 2000s in reference to SuicideGirls, RaverPorn, and similar sites; longer-standing projects, such as Blue Blood, generally used terms such as "subcultural erotica".[8]

Alt porn websites are often distinguished by their use of message boards, blogs, social networking, and other features of online community, encouraging participation by both models and viewers. While these features are not exclusive to alt porn sites, their inclusion stands in stark contrast to the standard operating procedures adopted by more typical porn sites, which tend to feature more or less anonymous models who are viewed by anonymous visitors.[citation needed]

Alt porn-themed videos are also becoming a growing niche in the adult video market. The work of directors Stephen Sayadian and Gregory Dark during the 1980s and early 1990s had many of the features of later alt porn, and are often cited as being key contributing influences on current alt porn video. In 2001, two amateur videos under the title Technosex were produced, featuring women involved in the rave scene along with a techno music soundtrack. Since 2004, director Eon McKai has been producing alt porn-themed videos for VCA Pictures (an otherwise mainstream adult video studio),[9] and in 2006 was signed by Vivid Entertainment to produce alt porn-themed videos under the Vivid-ALT imprint. McKai in 2006 remade Gregory Dark's seminal punk porno film New Wave Hookers, using some of the original script with a different twist and calling the film "Neu Wave Hookers." Vivid-ALT had also signed noted fetish photographers Dave Naz and Octavio "Winkytiki" Arizala.[10][11]

Controversies[edit]

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Many members of the alt porn community disagree on the definition of alt porn. Some consider it mostly an aesthetic quality while others see it as having a more ideological definition. This includes controversies over whether alt porn sites and videos should restrict themselves to softcore pin-up photography or include more sexually explicit hardcore content, whether alt porn need be explicitly feminist or not, and whether alt porn venues should present models of all genders and a range of body types rather than just conventionally attractive young women.[5] Since every pornography company conducts its business and treats its models differently, it is hard to define it on an ideological basis, although the models' freedom to speak their mind both about the industry, their employers, and political agendas is considered by some to be a vital part of the alt porn community. SuicideGirls have been criticized for restricting their employees' ability to make public comments of this nature. This led to a very public falling out between the owners of SuicideGirls and a number of their former models,[5][12][13] and larger debates as to whether alternative porn was inherently any more empowering than mainstream porn.

References[edit]

^ "Corporate Red Tape on My Mouth and the Punk Art Porn Allstars" Archived 2007-06-03 at the Wayback Machine by Amelia G, BlueBlood.net, October 29th, 2006.

^ "Altporn: Just Because it Looks Punk Rock, Doesn’t Mean it Is" Archived 2006-12-02 at the Wayback Machine by Brandon Stosuy, BlackBook magazine (website) #45, 2006.

^ "Richard Kern" Archived 2007-01-02 at the Wayback Machine (interview) by Daniel Robert Epstein, SuicideGirls, September 1, 2004.

^ "About Us" Archived 2006-08-23 at the Wayback Machine, BlueBlood.com.

^ a b c "Evolution of Alternative: History and controversies of the alt-erotica industry"[permanent dead link] by Ginny Mies, American Sexuality, September 25, 2006.

^ "AltPorn: AltPorn Genre History Timeline Archived 2007-05-01 at the Wayback Machine (part 1) by Beeker the StatsNrrd, Altporn.net, April 28, 2007.

^ "AltPorn: AltPorn Genre History Timeline" Archived 2010-07-01 at the Wayback Machine (part 2) by Beeker the StatsNrrd, Altporn.net, May 15, 2007.

^ untitled comment by Forrest Black, altporn LiveJournal community, February 11, 2003. Archived March 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

^ "The Prince of Alt-Porn" Archived 2007-05-15 at the Wayback Machine by Tristan Taormino, Village Voice, November 11th, 2005.

^ "Vivid Forms Vivid-Alt To Distribute Eon Mckai" Archived 2006-03-03 at the Wayback Machine press release by Vivid PR, Adult Industry News (website), February 17, 2006.

^ "Vivid wins Alt war without shot being fired" Archived 2006-06-14 at the Wayback Machine by Gram Ponante, Porn Valley Observed (website), May 10, 2006.

^ "SuicideGirls revolt" Archived 2008-02-14 at the Wayback Machine by Deirdre Fulton, Portland Phoenix, October 7, 2005.

^ "Obscene But Not Heard" Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine by Peter Koht, Metroactive, January 4, 2006.

Further reading[edit]

Diehl, Matt. (2007). My So-Called Punk. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-33781-7. Chapter 8: "Sex and the Single (Suicide) Girl: Are You Ready to be Liberated?" p 207–234. Jacobs, Katrien. (2007). Netporn: DIY Web Culture and Sexual Politics. Rowman & Littlefield Pubs. ISBN 0-7425-5432-5.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alt porn.

"Sex, Dreads, and Rock 'n' Roll" by Annie Tomlin, Bitch, December, 2002.

"Orgasm Addict: Punk Porn Gets Off on the Internet" by Chris Ziegler, OC Weekly, January 23, 2003.

"Maximum Tits 'N' Ass" by Sean Nelson, The Stranger, February 5, 2003.

"Alternaporn: We Sing the Body Politic" by Paul Watson, The Lazarus Corporation, February 29, 2004.

"We Want Our Porn and We Want It Now!" by Peter Stokes, AVN, November, 2005.

"Behind The Scenes at Vivid-Alt" by Chris Thorne, XCritic, September 2006

"The Berlin Porn Festival: Alternative Smut for the Silver Screen" by Alex Bakst, Der Spiegel Online, October 20, 2006.

"A Real Alternative?" by Jessica Bateman, The F-Word, January 3, 2007.

"From Barbie Doll to Razordoll: The Sexual Shift in Porn" by Lauren Mayberry, The Skinny, July 30, 2009.

v t e

Pornography

Pornography

Types

Amateur

Cartoon

Hentai Tijuana bible

Child

Erotica Simulated

Deepfake Feminist Hardcore Internet Mobile Phone Revenge Sexting Softcore

Genres

Alt Bisexual Bondage Casting couch

Celebrity

Sex tape

Clothed female, naked male Clothed male, naked female Convent Ethnic Gang bang Gay Gonzo Incest Lesbian MILF Mormon Queer Rape Reality Tentacle Transgender Women's

Related

History Film actor

Organizations

Adult Film Association of America Critics Adult Film Association Fans of X-Rated Entertainment Free Speech Coalition X-Rated Critics Organization List of pornography companies List of pornographic film studios

Opposition topornography

Movements

Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom Anti-pornography movement in the United States Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance

Organizations

Churchmen's Committee for Decent Publications Feminists Fighting Pornography Fight the New Drug The Marriage Vow No More Page 3 Stop Bild Sexism Stop Child Trafficking Now Stop Porn Culture Women Against Pornography Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media XXXchurch.com

Overuse

NoFap Content-control software Accountability software Parental controls Employee monitoring software

Views

Feminist Religious Sex-positive feminist

Media

Audio

Film

Parody Cartoon

Magazines

List

Video games

Eroge

Newspaper features

Page 3

Possible effects

Addiction

Internet sex addiction Pornography addiction Sex addiction

Objectification of women / sexism STDs

People

Performers by decade British performers Gay male performers Pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films Mainstream actors who have appeared in pornographic films Film directors

Events

Adultcon AVN Adult Entertainment Expo Barcelona International Erotic Film Festival Brussels International Festival of Eroticism Exotic Erotic Ball Exxxotica Expo HUMP Porn Sunday

Miscellaneous

Adult movie theater Blue Movie Golden Age Not safe for work Pornographication Pornotopia R18 certificate Rule 34 Sex shop Sexualization X rating

See also

Erotica

Art Comics Film Literature Photography

Sexual activity Ribaldry Right to sexuality Sex-positive movement Sexual repression Sexual revolution

Category

Erotica and pornography portal

Human sexuality portal

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Categories: Alt porn Pornography Punk Goth subculture DIY culture

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