Warped Ethereum

BAE- erc-1155

VRACE cryptovehicles

MakersPlace

KnownOrigin

Somnium Space VR

Rarible

V-RACE cryptovehicles

Intertwined 360 Revelations

360° NFTs at KnownOrigin are intented to be fully interoperable across the metaverse.
At the moment you can use them in their full glory as volumetric 3D sphere / VR portal in Somnium Space VR

360° artworks at KnownOrigin

Needless to say this is the most awesome project of the 2020-2021 Bullrun where 60+ artists joined their forces into one amazing pfp project ( The first ever on Polygon )

Artvatars

A few pieces of masterful art out of my collection of true visionaries and psychedelic wizards.

Visionary Collection I

one of the first platforms I experimented on in 2020 and a couple of my earliest work is minted here like my blotter art series ( they come with an actual sheet of 900 hits )

Natural Warp at Rarible

Makersplace became my place to be mid 2020 which is why my main oeuvre at that time was minted here.

Natural Warp at Makersplace

Here you find a couple experimental collages that inspired me to an entire new workflow somewhere mid 2021.
Also one of my first VR sculpt inspired digital paintings are on there.

Natural Warp at BAE ( Blockchain Art Exchange )

Cosmic Invocation, Natural Warp

Guardians of the Golden Comet - QH02

Self Reflection, Natural Warp

Blotter Art - Crystallized Love 1/1

"Bicycle Day 2018" - Front

Cybercubism 2020 ( detail )

Sacred Destiny

Blotter Art - Epiphany on a Sprig - 1/1 Back

Blotter Art - Epiphany on a Sprig - 1/1 Front

Inside the Magic Box

Hummingbird of Paradise

Crystallized Love

Center of Non Existence

Dark Blueberry Crystal Tech

Dark Plum Crystal Tech

Dark Citrus Crystal Tech

Dark Magus Dragon Scale

Magus Dragon Scale

Dark Scarlet Dragon Scale

Scarlet Dragon Scale

Sage Dragon Scale

Dark Sage Dragon Scale

Hummingbird Sketch - 2016

The Awakening

Eternal Bliss

Crypto 9

Cymatic Vision

Heat Grid

Seat of the Soul, Natural Warp

Cosmic View, Natural Warp

Kollag 21102020

Kollag 22102020

Kollag 26102020

Crystalline Meditation

Kollag 07012021

All Heil Cyber Jesus

Excavation of the Neon Spheres - Candyland

Excavation of the Neon Spheres - Core Triangulation

Chill Zone

Flower Power 2025 A.D.

360° Revelation - Candyland

360° Revelation - Core Triangulation

360° Revelation - Chill Zone

360° Revelation - Flower Power 2025 A.D.

Kollag 19032021

When Worlds Collide

360° Revelation - When Worlds Collide

SHEN XIAN

JADE LEE

ZHONG KUI

Metatron's Hypercake - Partner Suit

Flight into the Unknown

Metatron's Hypercake - Driver Suit

VOYAGΞR X1 - Metatron's Hypercake - Somnium Space VR

Extra Large #590 (XL) parcel in Somnium Space

Extra Large #3044 (XL) parcel in Somnium Space

BullΞth - Vulcan

BullΞth - Vortex

naturalwarp.eth

collection

identity

includePrivateAssetCount

ActivityAccountPageQuery

ProfileContainer_data

account

address

bannerImageUrl

displayName

user

metadata

config

isCompromised

names

canViewVerificationForm

verificationRequest

relayId

imageUrl

connectedTwitterUsername

connectedInstagramUsername

activeDealCount

shelves

campaignAnnouncementModal

campaignId

title

description

overrideUrl

ctaText

ctaUrl

playbackId

thumbnailUrl

name

query ActivityAccountPageQuery(
  $collection: CollectionSlug
  $identity: IdentityInputType!
  $includePrivateAssetCount: Boolean!
) {
  ...ProfileContainer_data_445MRT
}

fragment AccountLink_data on AccountType {
  address
  config
  isCompromised
  user {
    publicUsername
    id
  }
  displayName
  ...ProfileImage_data
  ...wallet_accountKey
  ...accounts_url
}

fragment AccountOrCollectionPageHeader_account on AccountType {
  config
  displayName
  isCompromised
}

fragment AccountOrCollectionProfileImage_data on AccountType {
  ...ProfileImage_data
  imageUrl
  user {
    publicUsername
    id
  }
  displayName
}

fragment AccountTrackingContext_account on AccountType {
  relayId
  address
  displayName
}

fragment AddToCartAndQuickBuyButton_order on OrderV2Type {
  ...useIsQuickBuyEnabled_order
  ...ItemAddToCartButton_order
  ...QuickBuyButton_order
}

fragment AddressPill_data on AccountType {
  address
  names {
    name
    type
  }
}

fragment ApplyForVerificationBanner_data on AccountType {
  canViewVerificationForm
  config
  verificationRequest {
    status
    id
  }
}

fragment AssetMediaAnimation_asset on AssetType {
  ...AssetMediaImage_asset
  ...AssetMediaContainer_asset
  ...AssetMediaPlaceholderImage_asset
}

fragment AssetMediaAudio_asset on AssetType {
  backgroundColor
  ...AssetMediaImage_asset
}

fragment AssetMediaContainer_asset on AssetType {
  backgroundColor
  ...AssetMediaEditions_asset_1mZMwQ
  collection {
    ...useIsRarityEnabled_collection
    id
  }
}

fragment AssetMediaContainer_asset_1LNk0S on AssetType {
  backgroundColor
  ...AssetMediaEditions_asset_1mZMwQ
  collection {
    ...useIsRarityEnabled_collection
    id
  }
}

fragment AssetMediaContainer_asset_4a3mm5 on AssetType {
  backgroundColor
  ...AssetMediaEditions_asset_1mZMwQ
  defaultRarityData {
    ...RarityIndicator_data
    id
  }
  collection {
    ...useIsRarityEnabled_collection
    id
  }
}

fragment AssetMediaEditions_asset_1mZMwQ on AssetType {
  decimals
}

fragment AssetMediaImage_asset on AssetType {
  backgroundColor
  imageUrl
  collection {
    displayData {
      cardDisplayStyle
    }
    id
  }
}

fragment AssetMediaPlaceholderImage_asset on AssetType {
  collection {
    displayData {
      cardDisplayStyle
    }
    id
  }
}

fragment AssetMediaVideo_asset on AssetType {
  backgroundColor
  ...AssetMediaImage_asset
}

fragment AssetMediaWebgl_asset on AssetType {
  backgroundColor
  ...AssetMediaImage_asset
}

fragment AssetMedia_asset on AssetType {
  animationUrl
  displayImageUrl
  imageUrl
  isDelisted
  ...AssetMediaAnimation_asset
  ...AssetMediaAudio_asset
  ...AssetMediaContainer_asset_1LNk0S
  ...AssetMediaImage_asset
  ...AssetMediaPlaceholderImage_asset
  ...AssetMediaVideo_asset
  ...AssetMediaWebgl_asset
}

fragment AssetMedia_asset_1mZMwQ on AssetType {
  animationUrl
  displayImageUrl
  imageUrl
  isDelisted
  ...AssetMediaAnimation_asset
  ...AssetMediaAudio_asset
  ...AssetMediaContainer_asset_1LNk0S
  ...AssetMediaImage_asset
  ...AssetMediaPlaceholderImage_asset
  ...AssetMediaVideo_asset
  ...AssetMediaWebgl_asset
}

fragment AssetMedia_asset_5MxNd on AssetType {
  animationUrl
  displayImageUrl
  imageUrl
  isDelisted
  ...AssetMediaAnimation_asset
  ...AssetMediaAudio_asset
  ...AssetMediaContainer_asset_4a3mm5
  ...AssetMediaImage_asset
  ...AssetMediaPlaceholderImage_asset
  ...AssetMediaVideo_asset
  ...AssetMediaWebgl_asset
}

fragment AssetQuantity_data on AssetQuantityType {
  asset {
    ...Price_data
    id
  }
  quantity
}

fragment AssetSearchListViewTableAssetInfo_item on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  ...PortfolioTableItemCellTooltip_item
}

fragment AssetSearchListViewTableQuickBuy_order on OrderV2Type {
  maker {
    address
    id
  }
  item {
    __typename
    chain {
      identifier
    }
    ...itemEvents_dataV2
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
  openedAt
  relayId
}

fragment BulkPurchaseModal_orders on OrderV2Type {
  relayId
  item {
    __typename
    relayId
    chain {
      identifier
    }
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
  payment {
    relayId
    symbol
    id
  }
  ...useTotalPrice_orders
  ...useFulfillingListingsWillReactivateOrders_orders
}

fragment CampaignAnnouncementModal_data on Query {
  campaignAnnouncementModal {
    campaignId
    title
    description
    overrideUrl
    ctaText
    ctaUrl
    playbackId
    thumbnailUrl
    id
  }
}

fragment CollectionLink_assetContract on AssetContractType {
  address
  blockExplorerLink
}

fragment CollectionLink_collection on CollectionType {
  name
  slug
  verificationStatus
  ...collection_url
}

fragment CollectionTrackingContext_collection on CollectionType {
  relayId
  slug
  isVerified
  isCollectionOffersEnabled
  defaultChain {
    identifier
  }
}

fragment CreateListingButton_item on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  ... on AssetType {
    ...CreateQuickSingleListingFlowModal_asset
  }
  ...itemEvents_dataV2
  ...item_sellUrl
}

fragment CreateQuickSingleListingFlowModal_asset on AssetType {
  relayId
  chain {
    identifier
  }
  ...itemEvents_dataV2
}

fragment EditListingButton_item on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  chain {
    identifier
  }
  ...EditListingModal_item
  ...itemEvents_dataV2
}

fragment EditListingButton_listing on OrderV2Type {
  ...EditListingModal_listing
}

fragment EditListingModal_item on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  ... on AssetType {
    tokenId
    assetContract {
      address
      id
    }
    chain {
      identifier
    }
  }
}

fragment EditListingModal_listing on OrderV2Type {
  relayId
}

fragment FeaturedShelfAssetsCount_shelf on AccountShelfType {
  shelfAssets {
    __typename
    id
  }
}

fragment FeaturedShelfAssets_data_3z3gbW on AccountShelfType {
  shelfAssets {
    id
    displayOrder
    asset {
      id
      name
      displayImageUrl
      ...asset_url
    }
    ...LegacyAssetCard_data_3z3gbW
  }
}

fragment ItemAddToCartButton_order on OrderV2Type {
  maker {
    address
    id
  }
  taker {
    address
    id
  }
  item {
    __typename
    ... on AssetType {
      isCurrentlyFungible
    }
    ...itemEvents_dataV2
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
  openedAt
  ...ShoppingCartContextProvider_inline_order
}

fragment ItemCardContent on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  relayId
  ... on AssetType {
    relayId
    name
    ...AssetMedia_asset_1mZMwQ
  }
  ... on AssetBundleType {
    assetQuantities(first: 18) {
      edges {
        node {
          asset {
            relayId
            ...AssetMedia_asset
            id
          }
          id
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

fragment ItemCardContent_1mZMwQ on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  relayId
  ... on AssetType {
    relayId
    name
    ...AssetMedia_asset_1mZMwQ
  }
  ... on AssetBundleType {
    assetQuantities(first: 18) {
      edges {
        node {
          asset {
            relayId
            ...AssetMedia_asset
            id
          }
          id
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

fragment ItemCardCta_item_2qvZ6X on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  orderData {
    bestAskV2 {
      ...AddToCartAndQuickBuyButton_order
      ...EditListingButton_listing
      ...QuickBuyButton_order
      id
    }
  }
  ...useItemCardCta_item_2qvZ6X
  ...itemEvents_dataV2
  ...CreateListingButton_item
  ...EditListingButton_item
}

fragment ItemCardFooter_2YN2Q8 on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  relayId
  name
  orderData {
    bestBidV2 {
      orderType
      priceType {
        unit
      }
      ...ItemCardPrice_data
      id
    }
    bestAskV2 {
      ...ItemCardFooter_bestAskV2
      id
    }
  }
  ...ItemMetadata_2JGaZg
  ... on AssetType {
    tokenId
    isDelisted
    defaultRarityData {
      ...RarityIndicator_data
      id
    }
    collection {
      slug
      name
      isVerified
      ...collection_url
      ...useIsRarityEnabled_collection
      id
    }
    largestOwner {
      owner {
        ...AccountLink_data
        id
      }
      id
    }
    ...AssetSearchListViewTableAssetInfo_item
  }
  ... on AssetBundleType {
    bundleCollection: collection {
      slug
      name
      isVerified
      ...collection_url
      ...useIsRarityEnabled_collection
      id
    }
  }
  ...useItemCardCta_item_2qvZ6X
  ...item_url
  ...ItemCardContent
}

fragment ItemCardFooter_bestAskV2 on OrderV2Type {
  orderType
  priceType {
    unit
  }
  maker {
    address
    id
  }
  ...ItemCardPrice_data
  ...ItemAddToCartButton_order
  ...AssetSearchListViewTableQuickBuy_order
  ...useIsQuickBuyEnabled_order
}

fragment ItemCardPrice_data on OrderV2Type {
  perUnitPriceType {
    unit
  }
  payment {
    symbol
    id
  }
  ...useIsQuickBuyEnabled_order
}

fragment ItemCard_data_3z3gbW on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  relayId
  chain {
    identifier
  }
  orderData {
    bestAskV2 {
      perUnitPriceType {
        usd
      }
      id
    }
  }
  ... on AssetType {
    isDelisted
    totalQuantity
    collection {
      slug
      ...CollectionTrackingContext_collection
      id
    }
    ...itemEvents_data
  }
  ... on AssetBundleType {
    bundleCollection: collection {
      slug
      ...CollectionTrackingContext_collection
      id
    }
  }
  ...ItemCardContent_1mZMwQ
  ...ItemCardFooter_2YN2Q8
  ...ItemCardCta_item_2qvZ6X
  ...item_url
  ...ItemTrackingContext_item
}

fragment ItemMetadata_2JGaZg on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  orderData {
    bestAskV2 {
      openedAt
      createdDate
      closedAt
      id
    }
  }
  assetEventData {
    lastSale {
      unitPriceQuantity {
        ...AssetQuantity_data
        quantity
        asset {
          symbol
          decimals
          id
        }
        id
      }
    }
  }
}

fragment ItemTrackingContext_item on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  relayId
  verificationStatus
  chain {
    identifier
  }
  ... on AssetType {
    tokenId
    isReportedSuspicious
    assetContract {
      address
      id
    }
  }
  ... on AssetBundleType {
    slug
  }
}

fragment LegacyAssetCard_data_3z3gbW on AccountShelfAssetType {
  asset {
    ...ItemCard_data_3z3gbW
    id
  }
}

fragment OrderListItem_order on OrderV2Type {
  relayId
  makerOwnedQuantity
  item {
    __typename
    displayName
    ... on AssetType {
      assetContract {
        ...CollectionLink_assetContract
        id
      }
      collection {
        ...CollectionLink_collection
        id
      }
      ...AssetMedia_asset
      ...asset_url
      ...useItemFees_item
    }
    ... on AssetBundleType {
      assetQuantities(first: 30) {
        edges {
          node {
            asset {
              displayName
              relayId
              assetContract {
                ...CollectionLink_assetContract
                id
              }
              collection {
                ...CollectionLink_collection
                id
              }
              ...StackedAssetMedia_assets
              ...AssetMedia_asset
              ...asset_url
              id
            }
            id
          }
        }
      }
    }
    ...itemEvents_dataV2
    ...useIsItemSafelisted_item
    ...ItemTrackingContext_item
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
  remainingQuantityType
  ...OrderPrice
}

fragment OrderList_orders on OrderV2Type {
  item {
    __typename
    ... on AssetType {
      __typename
      relayId
    }
    ... on AssetBundleType {
      __typename
      assetQuantities(first: 30) {
        edges {
          node {
            asset {
              relayId
              id
            }
            id
          }
        }
      }
    }
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
  relayId
  ...OrderListItem_order
  ...useFulfillingListingsWillReactivateOrders_orders
}

fragment OrderPrice on OrderV2Type {
  priceType {
    unit
  }
  perUnitPriceType {
    unit
  }
  payment {
    ...TokenPricePayment
    id
  }
}

fragment PortfolioTableItemCellTooltip_item on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  ...AssetMedia_asset_5MxNd
  ...PortfolioTableTraitTable_asset
  ...asset_url
}

fragment PortfolioTableTraitTable_asset on AssetType {
  assetContract {
    address
    chain
    id
  }
  isCurrentlyFungible
  tokenId
}

fragment Price_data on AssetType {
  decimals
  symbol
  usdSpotPrice
}

fragment ProfileActionBar_data on AccountType {
  relayId
  address
  names {
    name
    type
  }
  ...accounts_url
}

fragment ProfileContainer_data_445MRT on Query {
  account(identity: $identity) {
    address
    bannerImageUrl
    displayName
    user {
      username
      publicUsername
      id
    }
    metadata {
      isBanned
      isDisabled
    }
    ...AccountOrCollectionPageHeader_account
    ...ProfileInfo_data
    ...Subheader_account
    ...ApplyForVerificationBanner_data
    ...ProfileActionBar_data
    ...AccountOrCollectionProfileImage_data
    ...socialLinksData
    ...profilePageQueries_account_8v4Bz
    ...profilePageQueries_featured_3z3gbW
    ...AccountTrackingContext_account
    id
  }
  ...CampaignAnnouncementModal_data
  ...ProfileMetadata_data_1AwSLH
}

fragment ProfileImage_data on AccountType {
  imageUrl
}

fragment ProfileInfo_data on AccountType {
  bio
}

fragment ProfileMetadata_data_1AwSLH on Query {
  account(identity: $identity) {
    address
    user {
      publicUsername
      id
    }
    id
  }
  collection(collection: $collection) {
    name
    id
  }
}

fragment QuickBuyButton_order on OrderV2Type {
  maker {
    address
    id
  }
  taker {
    address
    ...wallet_accountKey
    id
  }
  item {
    __typename
    chain {
      identifier
    }
    ...itemEvents_dataV2
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
  openedAt
  relayId
}

fragment RarityIndicator_data on RarityDataType {
  rank
  rankPercentile
  rankCount
  maxRank
}

fragment ShoppingCartContextProvider_inline_order on OrderV2Type {
  relayId
  makerOwnedQuantity
  item {
    __typename
    chain {
      identifier
    }
    relayId
    ... on AssetBundleType {
      assetQuantities(first: 30) {
        edges {
          node {
            asset {
              relayId
              id
            }
            id
          }
        }
      }
    }
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
  maker {
    relayId
    id
  }
  taker {
    address
    ...wallet_accountKey
    id
  }
  priceType {
    usd
  }
  payment {
    relayId
    id
  }
  remainingQuantityType
  ...useTotalItems_orders
  ...ShoppingCart_orders
}

fragment ShoppingCartDetailedView_orders on OrderV2Type {
  relayId
  item {
    __typename
    chain {
      identifier
    }
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
  supportsGiftingOnPurchase
  ...useTotalPrice_orders
  ...OrderList_orders
}

fragment ShoppingCart_orders on OrderV2Type {
  ...ShoppingCartDetailedView_orders
  ...BulkPurchaseModal_orders
}

fragment StackedAssetMedia_assets on AssetType {
  relayId
  ...AssetMedia_asset
  collection {
    logo
    id
  }
}

fragment Subheader_account on AccountType {
  user {
    dateJoined
    id
  }
  ...AddressPill_data
}

fragment TokenPricePayment on PaymentAssetType {
  symbol
}

fragment accounts_url on AccountType {
  address
  user {
    publicUsername
    id
  }
}

fragment asset_url on AssetType {
  assetContract {
    address
    id
  }
  tokenId
  chain {
    identifier
  }
}

fragment bundle_url on AssetBundleType {
  slug
  chain {
    identifier
  }
}

fragment collection_url on CollectionType {
  slug
  isCategory
}

fragment itemEvents_data on AssetType {
  relayId
  assetContract {
    address
    id
  }
  tokenId
  chain {
    identifier
  }
}

fragment itemEvents_dataV2 on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  relayId
  chain {
    identifier
  }
  ... on AssetType {
    tokenId
    assetContract {
      address
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment item_sellUrl on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  ... on AssetType {
    ...asset_url
  }
  ... on AssetBundleType {
    slug
    chain {
      identifier
    }
    assetQuantities(first: 18) {
      edges {
        node {
          asset {
            relayId
            id
          }
          id
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

fragment item_url on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  ... on AssetType {
    ...asset_url
  }
  ... on AssetBundleType {
    ...bundle_url
  }
}

fragment profilePageQueries_account_8v4Bz on AccountType {
  user {
    favoriteAssetCount
    id
  }
  activeDealCount
  privateAssetCount @include(if: $includePrivateAssetCount)
}

fragment profilePageQueries_featured_3z3gbW on AccountType {
  shelves {
    id
    name
    description
    displayOrder
    shelfAssets {
      id
    }
    ...FeaturedShelfAssets_data_3z3gbW
    ...FeaturedShelfAssetsCount_shelf
  }
}

fragment socialLinksData on AccountType {
  metadata {
    instagramUsername
    twitterUsername
    websiteUrl
  }
  connectedTwitterUsername
  connectedInstagramUsername
}

fragment useFulfillingListingsWillReactivateOrders_orders on OrderV2Type {
  ...useTotalItems_orders
}

fragment useIsItemSafelisted_item on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  ... on AssetType {
    collection {
      slug
      verificationStatus
      id
    }
  }
  ... on AssetBundleType {
    assetQuantities(first: 30) {
      edges {
        node {
          asset {
            collection {
              slug
              verificationStatus
              id
            }
            id
          }
          id
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

fragment useIsQuickBuyEnabled_order on OrderV2Type {
  orderType
  item {
    __typename
    ... on AssetType {
      isCurrentlyFungible
    }
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment useIsRarityEnabled_collection on CollectionType {
  slug
  enabledRarities
}

fragment useItemCardCta_item_2qvZ6X on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  chain {
    identifier
    isTradingEnabled
  }
  orderData {
    bestAskV2 {
      orderType
      maker {
        address
        id
      }
      id
    }
  }
  ... on AssetType {
    isDelisted
    isListable
    isCurrentlyFungible
  }
}

fragment useItemFees_item on ItemType {
  __isItemType: __typename
  __typename
  ... on AssetType {
    totalCreatorFee
    collection {
      openseaSellerFeeBasisPoints
      isCreatorFeesEnforced
      id
    }
  }
  ... on AssetBundleType {
    bundleCollection: collection {
      openseaSellerFeeBasisPoints
      totalCreatorFeeBasisPoints
      isCreatorFeesEnforced
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment useTotalItems_orders on OrderV2Type {
  item {
    __typename
    relayId
    ... on AssetBundleType {
      assetQuantities(first: 30) {
        edges {
          node {
            asset {
              relayId
              id
            }
            id
          }
        }
      }
    }
    ... on Node {
      __isNode: __typename
      id
    }
  }
}

fragment useTotalPrice_orders on OrderV2Type {
  relayId
  perUnitPriceType {
    usd
    unit
  }
  payment {
    symbol
    ...TokenPricePayment
    id
  }
}

fragment wallet_accountKey on AccountType {
  address
}


Natural_Warp

Natural_Warp

Event Type

Collections

Chains

Event Type

Collections

Chains