Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control, 8(3), 338–353.

Zadeh's theory of fuzzy sets extends the classical notion of a set in mathematics.

In classical set theory, the membership of elements in a set is defined in binary terms: an element either belongs or does not belong to the set. Fuzzy set theory allows for gradual membership of a set's elements, described mathematically with membership function valued in the range [0, 1].

Introduced by Zadeh and other scholars in the 1960s, fuzzy set theory has a wide range of practical applications, including but not limited to pattern recognition, robotics, bioinformatics, and social sciences.

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