Neuromorphic Computing

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A Review of Current Neuromorphic Approaches

for Vision, Auditory, and Olfactory Sensors

A brain–computer interface

A cognitive computer is a computer that hardwires artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms into an integrated circuit that closely repr

neuromorphic chip and cognitive chip

A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges

electric currents, and magnetic materials

All silicon light emitting diodes waveguide integrated

with superconducting single photon detectors

An artificial neuron is a mathematical function conceived as a model of biological neurons

An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an

electrical conductor or space

An electromagnetic field

is a mathematical representation of the influences on and due to electric charges

An ultrahigh impedance superconducting thermal switch

for interfacing superconductors with semiconductors and optoelectronics

Artificial Brain Simulation -

Thalamocortical System

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)

is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type an

Computational Science

also known as scientific computing, technical computing or scientific computation (SC), is a division of science that uses advanced computing capabili

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that implants a neurostimulator and electrodes which sends electrical impulses to specified targe

responsible for movement control

Design of superconducting optoelectronic networks

for neuromorphic computing

DishBrain: human brain cells in a dish

Electro-optic Activation Functions researchers have investigated the use of electro-optic effects in neuromorphic systems

They have developed activation functions based on two-dimensional photonic crystals.These crystals interact with light (photons) and can be modulated

Extracellular spike waveforms, local field potentials (LFP), spike signals, threshold crossing

the peri-stimulus time histogram

In 2023, IBM released its NorthPole chip, which is a proof-of-concept for dramatically improving performance by intertwining compute with memory on-ch

the Von Neumann bottleneck

In interconnected Hopfield neural networks (HNN), electromagnetic induction flows can be induced due to membrane potential differences. Researchers ha

memristive HNN model using hyperbolic-type memristors to link neurons.

In physics, a charged particle is a particle

with an electric charge

In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge

via electromagnetic fields

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and

in the form of heat and light

In physics, the Josephson effect is a phenomenon that occurs when two superconductors are placed in proximity

with some barrier or restriction between them

In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information

the quantum version of the classic binary bit

In-Vivo Networking (IVN) is an innovative technology that wirelessly powers and communicates

with tiny devices implanted deep within the human body

Intel's Loihi 2, released in September 2021, boasts faster speeds, higher-bandwidth inter-chip communications for enhanced scalability, increased capa

and significantly improved programmability

for Neuromorphic Systems

is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge

Multi-planar amorphous silicon photonics

with compact interplanar couplers

National Institute of Standards and Technology

is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, cognitive and semantic

Neuromorphic computing emphasizes the emergent behavior

Neuromorphic systems prioritize energy efficiency. By leveraging the behavior of electrons, these systems achieve

brain-inspired computation

Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity

is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization

Optogenetics is a biological technique to control the activity of neurons or

other cell types with light

Portrait of Carver Andress Mead an American scientist and engineer. He currently holds the position of Gordon and Betty Moore Professor Emeritus of En

having taught there for over 40 years

Quantum electronics is a term that was used mainly between the 1950s and 1970s to denote the area of physics dealing with the effects of quantum mecha

together with their interactions with photons

Quantum information science is a field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics with information theory

to study the processing, analysis, and transmission of information

Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics

dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons, interact with atoms an

backpropagation algorithm

Room temperature deposited dielectrics and superconductors

for integrated photonics

loop neuron structure

Schematic of loop neuron

of a superconducting optoelectronic neuron

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are artificial neural networks (ANN) that more closely mimic

natural neural networks

spin transport electronics

Superconducting Optoelectronic Circuits

for Neuromorphic Computing

optoelectronic loop neurons

Synfire-gated dynamical

information coordination

The Computer and the Brain is an unfinished book by mathematician John von Neumann, begun shortly before his death and first published in 1958. Von Ne

and the book discusses how the brain can be viewed as a computing machine

The Human Brain Project (HBP) was a €1-billion EU scientific research project that ran for

ten years from 2013 to 2023

The brain is the central organ of the human nervous system

and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system

The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle

is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans

The concept of biological computation proposes that living organisms perform computations, and that as such, abstract ideas of information and computa

key to understanding biology

The electron is a subatomic particle with a negative one

elementary electric charge

The metal–oxide–semiconductor

field-effect transistor

Waveguide-integrated silicon

hardware description language

monolithically integrating superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

with Josephson junctions

multi-planar integrated photonic

routing manifolds for neural networks

nanoscale photonic-electronic

neuromorphic computing

neural network (also artificial neural network or neural net abbreviated ANN or NN) is a model inspired by the neuronal organization found in

the biological neural networks in animal brains

superconducting optoelectronic

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